World Spider Catalog

Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: the names Gnaphosae and Gnaphosi were used firstly at tribe level by Banks, 1892d: 92, 94 and thus Banks, 1892 is the valid authorship and year for the family, not Pocock, 1898c: 219; for the family name Drassidae Sundevall, 1833 see Simon, 1893a: 340 and Bonnet, 1956: 1554. Family relimited by Platnick, 1990a: 35 and Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612; most genera listed by Brignoli, 1983c under Micariinae are treated here under Corinnidae and Phrurolithidae. Prodidomidae revalidated by Platnick, 1990a: 36 to include the former Prodidominae, Molycriinae and Anagraphidinae; Anagraphidinae transferred from Prodidomidae to Gnaphosidae by Platnick & Baehr, 2006: 5; Prodidomidae downgraded to subfamily of Gnaphosidae by Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 613 (synonyms: Molycriinae Simon, 1897 and Theuminae Simon, 1893), redefined by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 694 and elevated to familiy rank again by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12 (without Molycriinae); Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612 distinguish several well definded clades within Gnaphosidae (Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, Zelotinae Platnick, 1990, Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, Drassodinae Simon, 1893, Prodidominae Simon, 1884 and Leptodrassinae Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018) and state three monogeneric subfamilies, Anagraphidinae Simon, 1893 (type genus Anagraphis), Echeminae Simon, 1893 (type genus Echemus) and Micariinae Banks, 1892 (type genus Micaria), which do not perform a grouping function; Micaria Westring 1851, Nauhea Forster, 1979 and Verita Ramirez & Grismado, 2015 (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, and many genera are not assigned to a subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships (Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 614); the subfamily Molycriinae Simon, 1897 is re-established by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 682 (includes Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra); Lin & Li, 2020e: 313 described the new subfamily Solitudinae, with the single genus Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020; Micariidae is regarded as a separate family (sister to Cithaeronidae) by Breitling, 2021: 19, but without listing the genera, which should belong to it, and it is also not accepted because it is based mainly on COI, see FAQ 7; Ammoxenidae (Ammoxenus, Austrammo, Barrowammo, Rastellus) are synonymized with Gnaphosidae by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 520, f. 19.

In synonymy:

Bonna O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 = Herpyllus Hentz, 1832 (Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 4)

Gen. Herpyllus Hentz, 1832 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02432

N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Bonna O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898a: 249 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05747] (type B. fidelis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898) by Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 4; Old World species probably misplaced.

Transferred to other genera:

Herpyllus anatolicus Kamura, 1989 -- see Sanitubius

Herpyllus angustus Banks, 1904 -- see Sergiolus

Herpyllus atopophysis Chamberlin, 1928 -- see Nodocion

Herpyllus calcuttaensis Biswas, 1984 -- see Zelotes

Herpyllus cultior (Kulczyński, 1899) -- see Scotophaeus

Herpyllus floridanus (Banks, 1896) -- see Nodocion

Herpyllus goaensis Tikader, 1982 -- see Scotophaeus

Herpyllus haplodrassoides Denis, 1955 -- see Zelotes

Herpyllus irvingi Mello-Leitão, 1944 -- see Cesonia

Herpyllus josephus (Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1940) -- see Cesonia

Herpyllus longipes (Nicolet, 1849) -- see Camillina

Herpyllus oabus Chamberlin, 1919 -- see Agroeca

Herpyllus pius Chamberlin, 1920 -- see Scotophaeus

Herpyllus striatus (Kishida, 1932) -- see Drassodes

Herpyllus suavis Simon, 1893 -- see Apopyllus

In synonymy:

Herpyllus bryantae (Roewer, 1951, T from Zelotes) = Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Hentz, 1832 (Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 5)

Herpyllus bryophilus Chamberlin, 1936 = Herpyllus emertoni Bryant, 1935 (Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 21)

Herpyllus cepeus Chamberlin, 1936 = Herpyllus cockerelli Banks, 1901 (Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 16)

Herpyllus cratus Chamberlin, 1922 = Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Hentz, 1832 (Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 7)

Herpyllus faxoni Bryant, 1936 = Herpyllus emertoni Bryant, 1935 (Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 21)

Herpyllus itamus Chamberlin, 1936 = Herpyllus emertoni Bryant, 1935 (Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 21)

Herpyllus lesserti (Schenkel, 1950, T from Poecilochroa) = Herpyllus hesperolus Chamberlin, 1928 (Platnick & Shadab, 1981e: 7)

Herpyllus piedicus Chamberlin & Woodbury, 1929 = Herpyllus propinquus Keyserling, 1887 (Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 9)

Homonym replaced:

Herpyllus validus (Banks, 1896) -- see Herpyllus hesperolus Chamberlin, 1928

Nomina dubia:

Herpyllus pygmaeus Hentz, 1847: 459, pl. 24, f. 16 (f, USA) -- Ubick & Roth, 1973b: 5

Herpyllus ramulosus Hentz, 1847: 459, pl. 24, f. 14 (f, USA) -- Ubick & Roth, 1973b: 5

Herpyllus vespa Hentz, 1847: 458, pl. 24, f. 13 (f, USA) -- Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 6

Nomen nudum:

Herpyllus vasifer (Walckenaer, 1805: 46) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:054193] -- Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 4

Herpyllus australis (Holmberg, 1881) | | Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027391

Drassus australis Holmberg, 1881b: 136, pl. 3, f. 4 (Dm) Original description

Herpyllus australis Mello-Leitão, 1940b: 46, f. 44-45 (m, Df)

Herpyllus bensonae Fox, 1938 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027392

Herpyllus bensonae Fox, 1938a: 232, pl. 1, f. 7 (Dm) Original description

Herpyllus bensonae Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 26, f. 71-74 (m, Df)

Herpyllus brachet Platnick & Shadab, 1977 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027393

Herpyllus brachet Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 37, f. 113-114 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus bubulcus Chamberlin, 1922 | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027394

Herpyllus bubulcus Chamberlin, 1922: 150 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus bubulcus Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 29, f. 85-90 (f, Dm)

Herpyllus coahuilanus Gertsch & Davis, 1940 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027396

Herpyllus coahuilanus Gertsch & Davis, 1940b: 5, f. 1-2 (Dmf) Original description

Herpyllus coahuilanus Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 34, f. 99-102 (mf)

Herpyllus cockerelli (Banks, 1901) | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027397

Prosthesima cockerelli Banks, 1901b: 571, pl. 33, f. 2 (Dmf) Original description

Herpyllus cockerelli Banks, 1910: 8

Herpyllus cepeus Chamberlin, 1936b: 2, f. 13 (Df)

Herpyllus cockerelli Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 15, f. 31-36 (mf, S)

Herpyllus convallis Chamberlin, 1936 | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027398

Herpyllus convallis Chamberlin, 1936a: 2, f. 1-3 (Dmf) Original description

Herpyllus convallis Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 27, f. 69-70, 75-78 (mf)

Herpyllus coreanus Paik, 1992 | | Korea urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027399

Herpyllus coreanus Paik, 1992b: 133, f. 1-10 (Dm) Original description

Herpyllus coreanus Kamura, 1992b: 123 (most likely conspecific with Sernokorba pallidipatellis)

Herpyllus coreanus Kim & Lee, 2013: 117, f. 81A-C (m)

Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Hentz, 1832 | | Canada, USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027400

Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Hentz, 1832: 102 (Df) Original description

Drassus vasifer Walckenaer, 1837: 620 (Df)

Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Hentz, 1847: 455, pl. 24, f. 2 (f)

Prosthesima bimaculata Keyserling, 1887b: 433, pl. 6, f. 9 (Dm)

Prosthesima ecclesiastica Emerton, 1890: 173, pl. 3, f. 7 (f, Dm)

Prosthesima ecclesiastica Emerton, 1902: 5, f. 17-18 (f)

Melanophora bimaculata Bryant, 1908: 7

Herpyllus vasifer Comstock, 1912: 318, f. 308

Herpyllus cratus Chamberlin, 1922: 150 (Df)

Herpyllus vasifer Kaston, 1948: 349, f. 1165-1169 (mf)

Zelotes bryantae Roewer, 1951: 444 (replacement name for Prosthesima bimaculata)

Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 5 (removed mf from S of H. vasifer, S)

Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 7, f. 1-8 (mf, S)

Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Heiss & Allen, 1986: 60, f. 99-101 (mf)

Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Platnick & Dondale, 1992: 273, f. 14, 433-436 (mf)

Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Paquin & Dupérré, 2003: 79, f. 685-687 (mf)

Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Murphy, 2007: 46, f. 278-279 (mf)

Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 604, f. 7c, 10d, 19e, 21e, S13c (mf)

Herpyllus ecclesiasticus Jiménez, Palacios-Cardiel & Chávez-Lara, 2020: 10, f. 19-20 (f)

Herpyllus emertoni Bryant, 1935 | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027401

Herpyllus emertoni Bryant, 1935a: 73, pl. 5, f. 1-2 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus faxoni Bryant, 1936a: 96, pl. 3, f. 6 (Df)

Herpyllus emertoni Chamberlin, 1936b: 1, f. 8 (Dm)

Herpyllus bryophilus Chamberlin, 1936b: 1, f. 9 (Df)

Herpyllus itamus Chamberlin, 1936b: 2, f. 10 (Df)

Herpyllus emertoni Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 21, f. 51-56 (mf, S)

Herpyllus excelsus Fox, 1938 | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027402

Herpyllus excelsus Fox, 1938a: 232, pl. 2, f. 8 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus excelsus Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 12, f. 15-20 (f, Dm)

Herpyllus fidelis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898) | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027403

Bonna fidelis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898a: 250, pl. 33, f. 1 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus fidelis Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 37, f. 115-116 (f)

Herpyllus frio Platnick & Shadab, 1977 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027404

Herpyllus frio Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 14, f. 27-30 (Dmf) Original description

Herpyllus gertschi Platnick & Shadab, 1977 | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027405

Herpyllus gertschi Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 35, f. 57-58, 103-106 (Dmf) Original description

Herpyllus giganteus Platnick & Shadab, 1977 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027406

Herpyllus giganteus Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 38, f. 117-118 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus hesperolus Chamberlin, 1928 | | North America urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027408

Prosthesima valida Banks, 1896e: 62 (Dmf, preoccupied by Lucas, 1846 in Scotophaeus, which was regarded as a S of Herpyllus; see Scotophaeus validus and Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 26, cf. ICZN Article 59.3) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:055968]

Herpyllus validus Banks, 1904b: 337, pl. 39, f. 25, 29 (mf)

Herpyllus hesperolus Chamberlin in Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1928: 176 (replacement name) Original description

Sergiolus lesserti Schenkel, 1950b: 42, f. 9 (Df)

Poecilochroa lesserti Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 7 (Tf from Sergiolus)

Herpyllus hesperolus Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 23, f. 63-68 (mf)

Herpyllus hesperolus Platnick & Shadab, 1981e: 7 (S of Sergiolus lesserti)

Herpyllus hesperolus Platnick & Dondale, 1992: 271, f. 429-432 (mf)

Herpyllus iguala Platnick & Shadab, 1977 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027409

Herpyllus iguala Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 23, f. 59-62 (Dmf) Original description

Herpyllus lativulvus Denis, 1958 | | Afghanistan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027410

Herpyllus lativulva Denis, 1958b: 88, f. 6 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus malkini Platnick & Shadab, 1977 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027411

Herpyllus malkini Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 37, f. 111-112 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus paropanisadensis Denis, 1958 | | Afghanistan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027412

Herpyllus paropanisadensis Denis, 1958b: 86, f. 3 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus perditus (Banks, 1898) | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027413

Drassodes perditus Banks, 1898b: 215, pl. 13, f. 7 (Dmf) Original description

Herpyllus perditus Platnick & Shadab, 1976a: 4 (Tmf from Drassodes)

Herpyllus perditus Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 32, f. 95-98 (mf)

Herpyllus perote Platnick & Shadab, 1977 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027414

Herpyllus perote Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 35, f. 107-110 (Dmf) Original description

Herpyllus pictus (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899) | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027415

Scotophaeus pictus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899a: 59, pl. 4, f. 14 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus pictus Ubick & Roth, 1973c: 2 (Tf from Scotophaeus)

Herpyllus pictus Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 19, f. 47-50 (f, Dm)

Herpyllus propinquus (Keyserling, 1887) | | Canada, USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027416

Prosthesima propinqua Keyserling, 1887b: 430, pl. 6, f. 7 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus californicus Banks, 1904a: 110, f. 11 (Df)

Herpyllus piedicus Chamberlin & Woodbury, 1929: 132, pl. 1, f. 6-8 (Dm) [text of pl. 2 belongs to pl. 1]

Herpyllus propinquus Chamberlin, 1936a: 1

Herpyllus propinquus Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 9, f. 9-14, 130 (f, Sm)

Herpyllus propinquus Platnick & Dondale, 1992: 275, f. 437-440 (mf)

Herpyllus propinquus Zakharov & Ovtcharenko, 2013a: 16, f. 2a-b (m)

Herpyllus propinquus Desales-Lara, Jiménez & Corcuera, 2018: 3, f. 4-5 (m)

Herpyllus proximus Denis, 1958 | | Turkmenistan, Afghanistan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027417

Herpyllus proximus Denis, 1958b: 88, f. 5 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus regnans Chamberlin, 1936 | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027418

Herpyllus regnans Chamberlin, 1936b: 2, f. 14 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus regnans Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 31, f. 91-94 (f, Dm)

Herpyllus reservatus Chamberlin, 1936 | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027419

Herpyllus reservatus Chamberlin, 1936b: 3, f. 15 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus reservatus Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 19, f. 21-22, 43-46 (f, Dm)

Herpyllus scholasticus Chamberlin, 1922 | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027420

Herpyllus scholasticus Chamberlin, 1922: 149 (Dm) Original description

Herpyllus scholasticus Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 18, f. 37-42 (mf)

Herpyllus schwarzi (Banks, 1901) | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027421

Prosthesima schwarzi Banks, 1901a: 582, pl. 22, f. 7 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus schwarzi Banks, 1910: 8

Herpyllus schwarzi Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 28, f. 79-84 (f, Dm)

Herpyllus schwarzi Desales-Lara, Jiménez & Corcuera, 2018: 3, f. 6-7 (f)

Herpyllus schwarzi Jiménez, Chamé-Vázquez & Palacios-Cardiel, 2022: 198, f. 3-6, 19-22 (mf)

Herpyllus sherus Platnick & Shadab, 1977 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027422

Herpyllus sherus Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 13, f. 23-26 (Dmf) Original description

Herpyllus vicinus Denis, 1958 | | Afghanistan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027423

Herpyllus vicinus Denis, 1958b: 87, f. 4 (Df) Original description