Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892

Family |   ACCEPTED
N.B.: the names Gnaphosae and Gnaphosi were used firstly at tribe level by Banks, 1892d: 92, 94 and thus Banks, 1892 is the valid authorship and year for the family, not Pocock, 1898c: 219; for the family name Drassidae Sundevall, 1833 see Simon, 1893a: 340 and Bonnet, 1956: 1554. Family relimited by Platnick, 1990a: 35 and Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612; most genera listed by Brignoli, 1983c under Micariinae are treated here under Corinnidae and Phrurolithidae. Prodidomidae revalidated by Platnick, 1990a: 36 to include the former Prodidominae, Molycriinae and Anagraphidinae; Anagraphidinae transferred from Prodidomidae to Gnaphosidae by Platnick & Baehr, 2006: 5; Prodidomidae downgraded to subfamily of Gnaphosidae by Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 613 (synonyms: Molycriinae Simon, 1897 and Theuminae Simon, 1893), redefined by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 694 and elevated to familiy rank again by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12 (without Molycriinae); Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612 distinguish several well definded clades within Gnaphosidae (Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, Zelotinae Platnick, 1990, Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, Drassodinae Simon, 1893, Prodidominae Simon, 1884 and Leptodrassinae Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018) and state three monogeneric subfamilies, Anagraphidinae Simon, 1893 (type genus Anagraphis), Echeminae Simon, 1893 (type genus Echemus) and Micariinae Banks, 1892 (type genus Micaria), which do not perform a grouping function; Micaria Westring 1851, Nauhea Forster, 1979 and Verita Ramirez & Grismado, 2015 (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, and many genera are not assigned to a subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships (Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 614); the subfamily Molycriinae Simon, 1897 is re-established by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 682 (includes Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra); Lin & Li, 2020e: 313 described the new subfamily Solitudinae, with the single genus Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020; Micariidae is regarded as a separate family (sister to Cithaeronidae) by Breitling, 2021: 19, but without listing the genera, which should belong to it, and it is also not accepted because it is based mainly on COI, see FAQ 7; Ammoxenidae (Ammoxenus, Austrammo, Barrowammo, Rastellus) are synonymized with Gnaphosidae by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 520, f. 19.

In synonymy:

Eilicina Bryant, 1940 = Cesonia Simon, 1893 (Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 339)

Helvidius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 = Cesonia Simon, 1893 (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899a: 56)

Gen. Cesonia Simon, 1893 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02410
N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Helvidius O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896a: 220 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05544] (type H. lugubris O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) by F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899a: 56 and of Eilicina Bryant, 1940: 390 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05543] (type Eilica cincta Banks, 1909) by Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 339.

Transferred to other genera:

Cesonia cincta Banks, 1929 -- see Gertschosa

Cesonia cingulata Roewer, 1933 -- see Gertschosa

Cesonia elegans (Bryant, 1940) -- see Camillina

Cesonia nigra Chickering, 1949 -- see Gertschosa

Cesonia trilineata (Hentz, 1847) -- see Castianeira

In synonymy:

Cesonia fugax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 = Cesonia lugubris O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 (Ubick & Roth, 1973c: 1)

Cesonia mexicana Banks, 1898 = Cesonia lugubris O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896 (Ubick & Roth, 1973c: 1)

Cesonia aspida Chatzaki, 2002 | | Greece (Crete), Turkey urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:038045
Cesonia aspida Chatzaki in Chatzaki, Thaler & Mylonas, 2002b: 624, f. 63-68 (Dmf) Original description
Cesonia aspida Seyyar, Ayyildiz & Topçu, 2007: 25, f. 1, 3a-d (mf)
Cesonia aspida Wunderlich, 2011: 41, f. 64-65 (mf)
Cesonia aspida Lecigne, 2016a: 115, f. 11G-I (m)
Cesonia bilineata (Hentz, 1847) | | Canada, USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026800
Herpyllus bilineatus Hentz, 1847: 456, pl. 24, f. 5 (Df) Original description
Poecilochroa bilineata Emerton, 1890: 175, pl. 4, f. 3 (f)
Cesonia bilineata Simon, 1893a: 375
Poecilochroa bilineata Emerton, 1902: 4, f. 12-13 (f)
Cesonia bilineata Comstock, 1912: 320, f. 309
Cesonia bilineata Kaston, 1948: 348, f. 1163-1164 (mf)
Cesonia bilineata Platnick & Shadab, 1982b: 342, f. 1-7 (mf)
Cesonia bilineata Heiss & Allen, 1986: 16, f. 27-29 (mf)
Cesonia bilineata Platnick & Dondale, 1992: 266, f. 422-428 (mf)
Cesonia bilineata Paquin & Dupérré, 2003: 74, f. 630-633 (mf)
Cesonia bilineata Murphy, 2007: 46, f. 270-271 (mf)
Cesonia bilineata Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 604, f. 7b, 19b, 21b, S1a, S8c, S12b (mf)
Cesonia bilineata Beaudoin & Paquin, 2022: 10, f. 1a-d, 2-3 (mf)
Cesonia bixleri Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026801
Cesonia bixleri Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 364, f. 74-77 (Df) Original description
Cesonia boca Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | Panama urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026802
Cesonia boca Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 372, f. 104-105 (Dm) Original description
Cesonia bryantae Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | Jamaica urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026803
Cesonia bryantae Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 380, f. 128-133 (Dmf) Original description
Cesonia cana Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | Jamaica urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026804
Cesonia cana Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 359, f. 54-57 (Df) Original description
Cesonia cerralvo Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026805
Cesonia cerralvo Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 349, f. 20-23 (Df) Original description
Cesonia chickeringi Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | Jamaica urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026806
Cesonia chickeringi Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 345, f. 12-13 (Df) Original description
Cesonia cincta (Banks, 1909) | | Cuba urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026807
Eilica cincta Banks, 1909b: 157, pl. 15, f. 8 (Df) Original description
Eilicina cincta Bryant, 1940: 390, f. 168, 172 (f)
Cesonia cincta Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 380, f. 114-115 (f)
Cesonia cincta Alayón & Platnick, 1993: 3, f. 3-4 (Dm)
Cesonia classica Chamberlin, 1924 | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026808
Cesonia classica Chamberlin, 1924b: 619, f. 57 (Df) Original description
Cesonia classica Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 358, f. 48-53 (f, Dm)
Cesonia coala Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026809
Cesonia coala Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 365, f. 84-89 (Dmf) Original description
Cesonia cuernavaca Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026810
Cesonia cuernavaca Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 361, f. 64-67 (Df) Original description
Cesonia desecheo Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | Puerto Rico, Virgin Is. urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026811
Cesonia desecheo Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 376, f. 122-127 (Dmf) Original description
Cesonia ditta Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | Dominican Rep. urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026812
Cesonia ditta Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 374, f. 110-113 (Df) Original description
Cesonia elegans (Simon, 1892) | | St. Vincent, Dominica urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026813
Sergiolus elegans Simon, 1892e: 574 (Df) Original description
Cesonia elegans Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 373, f. 106-109 (Tf from Sergiolus)
Cesonia gertschi Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026814
Cesonia gertschi Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 352, f. 36-41 (Dmf) Original description
Cesonia grisea (Banks, 1914) | | Cuba urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026815
Callilepis grisea Banks, 1914c: 639, pl. 43, f. 2 (Df) Original description
Eilicina grisea Platnick, 1975b: 6 (Tf from Pterotricha per Roewer)
Cesonia grisea Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 384, f. 144-145 (f)
Cesonia irvingi (Mello-Leitão, 1944) | | USA, Bahama Is., Cuba urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026816
Herpyllus australis Fox, 1938a: 232, pl. 2, f. 1 (Df; preoccupied by Holmberg, 1881, sub Drassus)
Herpyllus irvingi Mello-Leitão, 1944c: 4 (replacement name) Original description
Cesonia irvingi Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 6 (Tf from Herpyllus)
Cesonia irvingi Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 382, f. 134-139 (f, Dm)
Cesonia iviei Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026817
Cesonia iviei Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 359, f. 58-63 (Dmf) Original description
Cesonia josephus (Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1940) | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026818
Poecilochroa josephus Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1940: 4, f. 32 (Df) Original description
Herpyllus josephus Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 5 (Tf from Poecilochroa)
Cesonia josephus Platnick & Shadab, 1977b: 6 (Tf from Herpyllus)
Cesonia josephus Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 362, f. 68-73 (f, Dm)
Cesonia lacertosa Chickering, 1949 | | Panama urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026819
Cesonia lacertosa Chickering, 1949: 314, f. 1-2 (Dm) Original description
Cesonia lacertosa Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 371, f. 96-99 (m)
Cesonia leechi Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026820
Cesonia leechi Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 364, f. 78-83 (Dmf) Original description
Cesonia lugubris (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896) | | Mexico, Honduras urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026821
Helvidius lugubris O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1896a: 221, pl. 27, f. 1 (Df) Original description
Cesonia fugax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898a: 281, pl. 32, f. 5 (Df)
Cesonia mexicana Banks, 1898b: 221, pl. 13, f. 24 (Dmf)
Cesonia lugubris F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899a: 56, pl. 4, f. 17 (f)
Cesonia lugubris Ubick & Roth, 1973c: 1 (S)
Cesonia lugubris Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 346, f. 14-19 (mf)
Cesonia maculata Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | St. Kitts and Nevis urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026822
Cesonia maculata Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 374, f. 116-121 (Dmf) Original description
Cesonia nadleri Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | Hispaniola urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026823
Cesonia nadleri Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 382, f. 140-143 (Df) Original description
Cesonia notata Chickering, 1949 | | Mexico, Panama urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026824
Cesonia notata Chickering, 1949: 319, f. 6-8 (Dmf) Original description
Cesonia notata Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 366, f. 90-95 (mf)
Cesonia pudica Chickering, 1949 | | Panama urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026825
Cesonia pudica Chickering, 1949: 323, f. 9-10 (Dm) Original description
Cesonia pudica Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 372, f. 100-103 (m)
Cesonia rothi Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026826
Cesonia rothi Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 351, f. 30-35 (Dmf) Original description
Cesonia sincera Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936 | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026827
Cesonia sincera Gertsch & Mulaik, 1936a: 10, f. 12, 16 (Dmf) Original description
Cesonia sincera Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 343, f. 8-11 (mf)
Cesonia trivittata Banks, 1898 | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026828
Cesonia trivittata Banks, 1898b: 220, pl. 13, f. 23 (Df) Original description
Cesonia trivittata Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 351, f. 24-29 (f, Dm)
Cesonia ubicki Platnick & Shadab, 1980 | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026829
Cesonia ubicki Platnick & Shadab, 1980b: 355, f. 42-47 (Dmf) Original description

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