Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892

Family |   ACCEPTED
N.B.: the names Gnaphosae and Gnaphosi were used firstly at tribe level by Banks, 1892d: 92, 94 and thus Banks, 1892 is the valid authorship and year for the family, not Pocock, 1898c: 219; for the family name Drassidae Sundevall, 1833 see Simon, 1893a: 340 and Bonnet, 1956: 1554. Family relimited by Platnick, 1990a: 35 and Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612; most genera listed by Brignoli, 1983c under Micariinae are treated here under Corinnidae and Phrurolithidae. Prodidomidae revalidated by Platnick, 1990a: 36 to include the former Prodidominae, Molycriinae and Anagraphidinae; Anagraphidinae transferred from Prodidomidae to Gnaphosidae by Platnick & Baehr, 2006: 5; Prodidomidae downgraded to subfamily of Gnaphosidae by Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 613 (synonyms: Molycriinae Simon, 1897 and Theuminae Simon, 1893), redefined by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 694 and elevated to familiy rank again by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12 (without Molycriinae); Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612 distinguish several well definded clades within Gnaphosidae (Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, Zelotinae Platnick, 1990, Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, Drassodinae Simon, 1893, Prodidominae Simon, 1884 and Leptodrassinae Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018) and state three monogeneric subfamilies, Anagraphidinae Simon, 1893 (type genus Anagraphis), Echeminae Simon, 1893 (type genus Echemus) and Micariinae Banks, 1892 (type genus Micaria), which do not perform a grouping function; Micaria Westring 1851, Nauhea Forster, 1979 and Verita Ramirez & Grismado, 2015 (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, and many genera are not assigned to a subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships (Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 614); the subfamily Molycriinae Simon, 1897 is re-established by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 682 (includes Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra); Lin & Li, 2020e: 313 described the new subfamily Solitudinae, with the single genus Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020; Micariidae is regarded as a separate family (sister to Cithaeronidae) by Breitling, 2021: 19, but without listing the genera, which should belong to it, and it is also not accepted because it is based mainly on COI, see FAQ 7; Ammoxenidae (Ammoxenus, Austrammo, Barrowammo, Rastellus) are synonymized with Gnaphosidae by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 520, f. 19.

In synonymy:

Boreoechemus Lohmander, 1942 = Echemus Simon, 1878 (Tullgren, 1946: 111)

Gen. Echemus Simon, 1878 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02422
N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Boreoechemus Lohmander, 1942: 114 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05501] (type Drassus angustifrons Westring, 1861) by Tullgren, 1946: 111.

Transferred to other genera:

Echemus argentinensis Mello-Leitão, 1942 -- see Echemoides

Echemus argentinus Mello-Leitão, 1940 -- see Echemoides

Echemus argentinus Mello-Leitão, 1941 -- see Echemoides

Echemus argutus Simon, 1902 -- see Camillina

Echemus babunaensis Drensky, 1929 -- see Zelotes

Echemus banksi Chickering, 1949 -- see Zimiromus

Echemus canariensis Simon, 1883 -- see Setaphis

Echemus chilensis Simon, 1902 -- see Camillina

Echemus fuscipes Simon, 1885 -- see Setaphis

Echemus giaii Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1948 -- see Almafuerte

Echemus griseus (L. Koch, 1873) -- see Encoptarthria

Echemus hamipalpis (Kroneberg, 1875) -- see Poecilochroa

Echemus incinctus Simon, 1907 -- see Hongkongia

Echemus iotus Banks, 1929 -- see Zimiromus

Echemus lubricus Simon, 1892 -- see Zimiromus

Echemus major Keyserling, 1891 -- see Camillina

Echemus medius Keyserling, 1891 -- see Zimiromus

Echemus minutus Mello-Leitão, 1941 -- see Camillina

Echemus mollis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874) -- see Setaphis

Echemus montanus Chickering, 1949 -- see Zimiromus

Echemus ochraceus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899 -- see Scopoides

Echemus pallas Mello-Leitão, 1918 -- see Zimiromus

Echemus pampeanus Mello-Leitão, 1940 -- see Echemoides

Echemus pavesii Simon, 1897 -- see Camillina

Echemus pedestris O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 -- see Camillina

Echemus penicillatus Mello-Leitão, 1942 -- see Echemoides

Echemus pharetratus Karsch, 1881 -- see Setaphis

Echemus pulcher Keyserling, 1891 -- see Camillina

Echemus rangunensis (Thorell, 1895) -- see Micythus

Echemus relucens Simon, 1893 -- see Camillina

Echemus simplex Simon, 1885 -- see Setaphis

Echemus tener (Sørensen, 1904) -- see Drassyllus

Echemus tropicalis Banks, 1909 -- see Zimiromus

In synonymy:

Echemus ambiguus Simon, 1878 = Echemus angustifrons Westring, 1861 (Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 3)

Echemus angustifrons balticus (Lohmander, 1942) = Echemus angustifrons Westring, 1861 (Lohmander, 1942: 115, sub Boreoechemus, provisional name)

Echemus napaeus (L. Koch, 1876, T from Zelotes) = Echemus angustifrons Westring, 1861 (Thaler, 1981c: 113)

Echemus rhenanus Bertkau, 1883 = Echemus angustifrons Westring, 1861 (Tullgren, 1946: 111)

Echemus angustifrons (Westring, 1861) | | Europe to Central Asia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027127
Drassus angustifrons Westring, 1861: 349 (Dj) Original description
Drassus angustifrons Thorell, 1871a: 185 (Dm)
Prosthesima napaea L. Koch, 1876b: 304 (Df)
Echemus ambiguus Simon, 1878a: 100, pl. 15, f. 1 (Dm)
Echemus rhenanus Bertkau in Förster & Bertkau, 1883: 222, pl. 3, f. 1 (Dmf)
Echemus rhenanus Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1897: 209, pl. 8, f. 38, 44 (mf)
Echemus rhenanus Bösenberg, 1902: 301, pl. 28, f. 446 (mf)
Echemus ambiguus Simon, 1914: 150, 212, f. 276-277 (m, Df)
Echemus alberti Schenkel, 1925d: 282, f. 3 (Df)
Echemus rhenanus Reimoser, 1937a: 23, f. 54-55 (mf)
Echemus angustifrons Holm, 1940: 88
Boreoechemus angustifrons Lohmander, 1942: 114 (Df)
Boreoechemus rhenanus Lohmander, 1942: 114
Boreoechemus angustifrons balticus Lohmander, 1942: 115 (only provisional name) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027128]
Echemus angustifrons Tullgren, 1946: 111, pl. 18, f. 234-236 (mf, S)
Echemus rhenanus Hull, 1948: 62, f. 6 (f, probably misidentified)
Boreoechemus angustifrons Miller, 1971: 85, pl. VII, f. 19 (f)
Echemus angustifrons Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 3, f. 1-4 (mf, S)
Echemus angustifrons Thaler, 1981c: 113 (S)
Echemus rhenanus Dunin, 1984a: 49, f. 9 (f)
Echemus angustifrons Grimm, 1985: 127, f. 139-145 (mf)
Echemus angustifrons Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 420, f. 1106 (mf)
Echemus angustifrons Trotta, 2005: 165, f. 283-284 (mf)
Echemus angustifrons Almquist, 2006: 395, f. 340a-g (mf)
Echemus angustifrons Murphy, 2007: 50, f. 348-349 (mf)
Echemus angustifrons Kovblyuk et al., 2009: 177, f. 34-36, 38 (m)
Echemus angustifrons Akpınar et al., 2011: 16375, f. 2c (f)
Echemus angustifrons Chatzaki & Van Keer, 2019: 439, f. 9-12 (f)
Echemus angustifrons Höfer et al., 2019: 66, f. 11a-b (m)
Echemus angustifrons Bosmans & Gavalas, 2023: 26, f. 10H-J (mf)
Echemus caspicus Zamani, Chatzaki, Esyunin & Marusik, 2021 | | Iran urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:053228
Echemus caspicus Zamani et al., 2021a: 83, f. 9A-D (Df) Original description
Echemus chaetognathus (Thorell, 1887) | | Myanmar urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027130
Drassus chaetognathus Thorell, 1887: 32 (Df) Original description
Echemus chaetognathus Thorell, 1897a: 209
Echemus chaperi Simon, 1885 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027131
Echemus chaperi Simon, 1885h: 22, pl. 10, f. 21 (Df) Original description
Echemus chebanus (Thorell, 1897) | | Myanmar urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027132
Drassus chebanus Thorell, 1897a: 215 (Df) Original description
Echemus chebanus Roewer, 1955c: 419
Echemus chialanus Thorell, 1897 | | Myanmar urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027133
Echemus chialanus Thorell, 1897a: 209 (Df) Original description
Echemus dilutus (L. Koch, 1873) | j | Australia (Queensland) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027134
Drassus dilutus L. Koch, 1873: 389, pl. 30, f. 6 (Dj) Original description
Echemus dilutus Simon, 1893a: 367
Echemus erutus Tucker, 1923 | | Namibia, Botswana, South Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027135
Echemus erutus Tucker, 1923: 350, pl. 9, f. 65 (Df) Original description
Echemus erutus Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021C: 4, 3 f. (f)
Echemus escalerai Simon, 1909 | | Morocco urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027136
Echemus escalerai Simon, 1909b: 18 (Df) Original description
Echemus (?) escalerai Bosmans & Alioua, 2024: 1119, f. 2A-C, 3A-F (Dmf)
Echemus ghecuanus (Thorell, 1897) | | Myanmar urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027137
Drassus ghecuanus Thorell, 1897a: 210 (Dm) Original description
Echemus ghecuanus Roewer, 1955c: 419
Echemus inermis Mello-Leitão, 1939 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027142
Echemus inermis Mello-Leitão, 1939h: 288, f. 5 (Dm) Original description
Echemus interemptor (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:026915
Drassus interemptor O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885b: 8, pl. 1, f. 5 (Dm) Original description
Echemus interemptor Marusik & Omelko, 2019: 288, f. 1D, 2D, 3E-F, 4E-F, 5A (m, T from Drassodes; probably conspecific with Drassodes infletus)
Echemus kaltsasi Chatzaki, 2019 | | Greece (Symi) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:051325
Echemus kaltsasi Chatzaki in Chatzaki & Van Keer, 2019: 439, f. 13-14, 17-18 (Df) Original description
Echemus lacertosus Simon, 1907 | | São Tomé and Príncipe urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027143
Echemus lacertosus Simon, 1907d: 233 (Df) Original description
Echemus levyi Kovblyuk & Seyyar, 2009 | | Greece, Cyprus, Turkey urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:042877
Echemus levyi Kovblyuk & Seyyar in Kovblyuk et al., 2009: 177, f. 29-33, 37, 39-41 (Dm) Original description
Echemus levyi Chatzaki & Van Keer, 2019: 440, f. 15-16, 19-20 (Df)
Echemus levyi Bosmans & Gavalas, 2023: 23, f. 10A-G (mf)
Echemus modestus Kulczyński, 1899 | | Madeira urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027144
Echemus modestus Kulczyński, 1899: 352, pl. 6, f. 34-35 (Dmf) Original description
Echemus orinus (Thorell, 1897) | | Myanmar urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027145
Drassus orinus Thorell, 1897a: 212 (Df) Original description
Echemus orinus Roewer, 1955c: 419
Echemus pictus Kulczyński, 1911 | | Indonesia (Java) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027146
Echemus pictus Kulczyński, 1911b: 467, pl. 21, f. 17, 19-20, 23 (Dmf) Original description
Echemus plapoensis (Thorell, 1897) | | Myanmar urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027147
Drassus plapoensis Thorell, 1897a: 216 (Df) Original description
Echemus plapoensis Roewer, 1955c: 419
Echemus scutatus (Simon, 1880) | j | Algeria urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027149
Leptodrassus scutatus Simon, 1880j: 262 (Dj) Original description
Echemus scutatus Dalmas, 1919b: 249 (T from Leptodrassus)
Echemus sibiricus Marusik & Logunov, 1995 | | Russia (South Siberia) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027150
Echemus sibiricus Marusik & Logunov, 1995b: 186, f. 34-36 (Dm) Original description
Echemus viveki Gajbe, 1989 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027152
Echemus viveki Gajbe, 1989: 560, f. 9-13 (Df) Original description

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