Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892

Family |   ACCEPTED
N.B.: the names Gnaphosae and Gnaphosi were used firstly at tribe level by Banks, 1892d: 92, 94 and thus Banks, 1892 is the valid authorship and year for the family, not Pocock, 1898c: 219; for the family name Drassidae Sundevall, 1833 see Simon, 1893a: 340 and Bonnet, 1956: 1554. Family relimited by Platnick, 1990a: 35 and Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612; most genera listed by Brignoli, 1983c under Micariinae are treated here under Corinnidae and Phrurolithidae. Prodidomidae revalidated by Platnick, 1990a: 36 to include the former Prodidominae, Molycriinae and Anagraphidinae; Anagraphidinae transferred from Prodidomidae to Gnaphosidae by Platnick & Baehr, 2006: 5; Prodidomidae downgraded to subfamily of Gnaphosidae by Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 613 (synonyms: Molycriinae Simon, 1897 and Theuminae Simon, 1893), redefined by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 694 and elevated to familiy rank again by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12 (without Molycriinae); Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612 distinguish several well definded clades within Gnaphosidae (Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, Zelotinae Platnick, 1990, Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, Drassodinae Simon, 1893, Prodidominae Simon, 1884 and Leptodrassinae Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018) and state three monogeneric subfamilies, Anagraphidinae Simon, 1893 (type genus Anagraphis), Echeminae Simon, 1893 (type genus Echemus) and Micariinae Banks, 1892 (type genus Micaria), which do not perform a grouping function; Micaria Westring 1851, Nauhea Forster, 1979 and Verita Ramirez & Grismado, 2015 (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, and many genera are not assigned to a subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships (Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 614); the subfamily Molycriinae Simon, 1897 is re-established by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 682 (includes Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra); Lin & Li, 2020e: 313 described the new subfamily Solitudinae, with the single genus Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020; Micariidae is regarded as a separate family (sister to Cithaeronidae) by Breitling, 2021: 19, but without listing the genera, which should belong to it, and it is also not accepted because it is based mainly on COI, see FAQ 7; Ammoxenidae (Ammoxenus, Austrammo, Barrowammo, Rastellus) are synonymized with Gnaphosidae by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 520, f. 19.

In synonymy:

Zodariops Mello-Leitão, 1939 = Echemoides Mello-Leitão, 1938 (Platnick, 1993c: 648)

Gen. Echemoides Mello-Leitão, 1938 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02421
N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Zodariops Mello-Leitão, 1939e: 59 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05585] (type Z. juninianus Mello-Leitão, 1939) by Platnick, 1993c: 648; Zodariops was transferred from the Zodariidae to the Gnaphosidae by Jocqué, 1991a: 10.

In synonymy:

Echemoides argentinensis (Mello-Leitão, 1942, T from Echemus) = Echemoides penicillatus Mello-Leitão, 1942 (Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 10)

Echemoides pampeanus (Mello-Leitão, 1940, T from Echemus) = Echemoides argentinus Mello-Leitão, 1940 (Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 8)

Echemoides uncinatus Mello-Leitão, 1943 = Echemoides argentinus Mello-Leitão, 1940 (Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 8)

Homonym replaced:

Echemoides argentinus (Mello-Leitão, 1941) -- see Echemoides penicillatus Mello-Leitão, 1942

Nomen dubium:

Echemoides juninianus (Mello-Leitão, 1939e: 60, f. 26-29, j, Chile, originally in Zodariops) -- Platnick, 1993c: 648

Echemoides aguilari Platnick & Shadab, 1979 | | Peru urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027112
Echemoides aguilari Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 12, f. 24-27 (Dmf) Original description
Echemoides argentinus (Mello-Leitão, 1940) | | Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027113
Echemus argentinus Mello-Leitão, 1940b: 44, f. 42 (Df) Original description
Echemus pampeanus Mello-Leitão, 1940b: 45, f. 43 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:055664]
Echemoides giganteus Mello-Leitão, 1941d: 172, f. 62, pl. X, f. 44 (f, misidentified)
Echemoides uncinatus Mello-Leitão, 1943c: 111, f. 12 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:055665]
Echemoides argentinus Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 8, f. 12-15 (mf, T from Echemus, S of Echemoides uncinatus and Echemus pampeanus)
Echemoides balsa Platnick & Shadab, 1979 | | Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027114
Echemoides balsa Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 9, f. 50-51 (Df) Original description
Echemoides cekalovici Platnick, 1983 | | Chile urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027115
Echemoides cekalovici Platnick, 1983: 14, f. 41-50 (Dmf) Original description
Echemoides chilensis Platnick, 1983 | | Chile urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027116
Echemoides gayi Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 17, f. 44-45 (m, misidentified)
Echemoides chilensis Platnick, 1983: 12, f. 3, 33-40 (Dmf) Original description
Echemoides gayi (Simon, 1904) | | Chile urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027117
Megamyrmecion gayi Simon, 1904e: 89 (Df) Original description
Echemoides gayi Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 17, f. 46-47 (Tf from Megamyrmaekion; not m, f. 44-45, =E. chilensis)
Echemoides giganteus Mello-Leitão, 1938 | | Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027118
Echemoides giganteus Mello-Leitão, 1938a: 112, f. 31 (Dm) Original description
Echemoides giganteus Mello-Leitão, 1941d: 172, f. 62, pl. 10, f. 44
Echemoides giganteus Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 7, f. 4-7 (m, Df)
Echemoides illapel Platnick & Shadab, 1979 | | Chile urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027119
Echemoides illapel Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 15, f. 36-39 (Dmf) Original description
Echemoides illapel Platnick, 1983: 8, f. 19-24 (mf)
Echemoides malleco Platnick & Shadab, 1979 | | Chile urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027120
Echemoides malleco Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 16, f. 40-43 (Dmf) Original description
Echemoides malleco Platnick, 1983: 14, f. 51-56 (mf)
Echemoides mauryi Platnick & Shadab, 1979 | | Paraguay, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027121
Echemoides mauryi Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 8, f. 8-11 (Dmf) Original description
Echemoides penai Platnick & Shadab, 1979 | | Peru, Chile urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027122
Echemoides penai Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 11, f. 20-23 (Dmf) Original description
Echemoides penicillatus (Mello-Leitão, 1942) | | Paraguay, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027123
Echemus argentinus Mello-Leitão, 1941d: 167, f. 57, pl. 9, f. 43 (Dmf, preoccupied by Mello-Leitão, 1940b: 44, see Echemoides argentinus) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:055666]
Echemus penicillatus Mello-Leitão, 1942b: 411, f. 37 (Df) Original description
Echemus argentinensis Mello-Leitão, 1942b: 387 (replacement name) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:055663]
Echemoides penicillatus Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 10, f. 16-19 (mf, T from Echemus, S of Echemus argentinensis)
Echemoides rossi Platnick & Shadab, 1979 | | Chile urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027124
Echemoides rossi Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 18, f. 48-49 (Dm) Original description
Echemoides rossi Platnick, 1983: 10, f. 25-32 (m, Df)
Echemoides schlingeri Platnick & Shadab, 1979 | | Chile urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027125
Echemoides schlingeri Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 14, f. 32-35 (Dmf) Original description
Echemoides schlingeri Platnick, 1983: 6, f. 15-18 (m)
Echemoides tofo Platnick & Shadab, 1979 | | Chile urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027126
Echemoides tofo Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 13, f. 28-31 (Dmf) Original description
Echemoides tofo Platnick, 1983: 6, f. 9-14 (mf)
Echemoides tofo Murphy, 2007: 50, f. 346-347 (mf)

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