Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892

Family |   ACCEPTED
N.B.: the names Gnaphosae and Gnaphosi were used firstly at tribe level by Banks, 1892d: 92, 94 and thus Banks, 1892 is the valid authorship and year for the family, not Pocock, 1898c: 219; for the family name Drassidae Sundevall, 1833 see Simon, 1893a: 340 and Bonnet, 1956: 1554. Family relimited by Platnick, 1990a: 35 and Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612; most genera listed by Brignoli, 1983c under Micariinae are treated here under Corinnidae and Phrurolithidae. Prodidomidae revalidated by Platnick, 1990a: 36 to include the former Prodidominae, Molycriinae and Anagraphidinae; Anagraphidinae transferred from Prodidomidae to Gnaphosidae by Platnick & Baehr, 2006: 5; Prodidomidae downgraded to subfamily of Gnaphosidae by Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 613 (synonyms: Molycriinae Simon, 1897 and Theuminae Simon, 1893), redefined by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 694 and elevated to familiy rank again by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12 (without Molycriinae); Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612 distinguish several well definded clades within Gnaphosidae (Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, Zelotinae Platnick, 1990, Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, Drassodinae Simon, 1893, Prodidominae Simon, 1884 and Leptodrassinae Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018) and state three monogeneric subfamilies, Anagraphidinae Simon, 1893 (type genus Anagraphis), Echeminae Simon, 1893 (type genus Echemus) and Micariinae Banks, 1892 (type genus Micaria), which do not perform a grouping function; Micaria Westring 1851, Nauhea Forster, 1979 and Verita Ramirez & Grismado, 2015 (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, and many genera are not assigned to a subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships (Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 614); the subfamily Molycriinae Simon, 1897 is re-established by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 682 (includes Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra); Lin & Li, 2020e: 313 described the new subfamily Solitudinae, with the single genus Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020; Micariidae is regarded as a separate family (sister to Cithaeronidae) by Breitling, 2021: 19, but without listing the genera, which should belong to it, and it is also not accepted because it is based mainly on COI, see FAQ 7; Ammoxenidae (Ammoxenus, Austrammo, Barrowammo, Rastellus) are synonymized with Gnaphosidae by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 520, f. 19.
Gen. Zimiromus Banks, 1914 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02501
N.B.: see Baert, 2014a: 264, f. 1-5 for figures of a male from Galapagos Islands.

Transferred to other genera:

Zimiromus cristus Platnick & Höfer, 1990 -- see Amazoromus

In synonymy:

Zimiromus banksi (Chickering, 1949, T from Echemus) = Zimiromus iotus Banks, 1929 (Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 9)

Zimiromus fragilis Banks, 1914 = Zimiromus tropicalis Banks, 1909 (Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 6)

Zimiromus montanus (Chickering, 1949, T from Echemus) = Zimiromus tropicalis Banks, 1909 (Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 6)

Zimiromus pallas (Mello-Leitão, 1918, T from Echemus) = Zimiromus medius Keyserling, 1891 (Platnick, 1993c: 671)

Zimiromus aduncus Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Panama urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028453
Zimiromus aduncus Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 18, f. 45-46 (Dm) Original description
Zimiromus atrifus Platnick & Höfer, 1990 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028454
Zimiromus atrifus Platnick & Höfer, 1990: 6, f. 12-16 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus beni Platnick & Shadab, 1981 | | Bolivia, Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028455
Zimiromus beni Platnick & Shadab, 1981d: 195, f. 21-24 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus beni Brescovit & Höfer, 1994a: 263, f. 1-4, 9-11 (m, Df; N.B.: f of Platnick & Shadab =Z. platnicki)
Zimiromus bimini Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Bahama Is. urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028456
Zimiromus bimini Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 21, f. 63-64 (Dm) Original description
Zimiromus boistus Platnick & Höfer, 1990 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028457
Zimiromus boistus Platnick & Höfer, 1990: 8, f. 17-18 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus boistus Brescovit & Höfer, 1994a: 264, f. 5-6, 12-14 (Dm)
Zimiromus brachet Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Ecuador urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028458
Zimiromus brachet Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 22, f. 57-58 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus buzios Brescovit & Buckup, 1998 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028459
Zimiromus buzios Brescovit & Buckup, 1998: 169, f. 5-6 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus canje Platnick & Shadab, 1979 | | Guyana urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028460
Zimiromus canje Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 19, f. 52-53 (Dm) Original description
Zimiromus chickeringi Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Panama urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028461
Echemus iota Chickering, 1949: 327, f. 14-16 only (m, misidentified)
Zimiromus chickeringi Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 7, f. 13-16 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus circulus Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Peru urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028462
Zimiromus circulus Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 15, f. 39-40 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus dorado Platnick & Shadab, 1979 | | Peru urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028463
Zimiromus dorado Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 19, f. 54-55 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus eberhardi Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Colombia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028464
Zimiromus eberhardi Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 8, f. 17-20 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus exlineae Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Ecuador urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028465
Zimiromus exlineae Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 19, f. 53-54 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus exlineae Platnick & Shadab, 1981d: 194, f. 19-20 (Dm)
Zimiromus hortenciae Buckup & Brescovit, 1993 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028466
Zimiromus hortenciae Buckup & Brescovit, 1993: 185, f. 13-14 (Dm) Original description
Zimiromus hortenciae Brescovit, Freitas & Vasconcelos, 2008: 329, f. 1-2 (Df)
Zimiromus iotus (Banks, 1929) | | Panama urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028467
Echemus iotus Banks, 1929: 57, pl. 4, f. 58 (Df) Original description
Echemus banksi Chickering, 1949: 326, f. 11-13 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058422]
Zimiromus iotus Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 9, f. 21-24 (mf, T from Echemus, S of Echemus banksi)
Zimiromus jamaicensis Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Jamaica urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028468
Zimiromus jamaicensis Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 20, f. 59-62 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus kleini Buckup & Brescovit, 1993 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028469
Zimiromus kleini Buckup & Brescovit, 1993: 185, f. 15-16 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus kleini Brescovit & Buckup, 1998: 171, f. 9-10 (Dm)
Zimiromus kochalkai Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Colombia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028470
Zimiromus kochalkai Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 13, f. 33-36 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus kochalkai Murphy, 2007: 50, f. 388-389 (mf)
Zimiromus lawa Platnick & Shadab, 1981 | | Suriname urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028471
Zimiromus lawa Platnick & Shadab, 1981d: 192, f. 11-12 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus lingua Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028472
Zimiromus lingua Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 6, f. 9-10 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus lubricus (Simon, 1893) | | Venezuela, Trinidad urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028473
Echemus lubricus Simon, 1893b: 456, pl. 9, f. 28-29 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus lubricus Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 16, f. 41-44 (Tmf from Echemus)
Zimiromus malkini Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Nicaragua urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028474
Zimiromus malkini Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 16, f. 11-12 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus medius (Keyserling, 1891) | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028475
Echemus medius Keyserling, 1891: 33, pl. 1, f. 12 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus medius Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 12, f. 29-32 (Dm, f, T from Echemus)
Echemus pallas Mello-Leitão, 1918a: 69, f. 38-39 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058425]
Zimiromus medius Platnick, 1993c: 671 (S of Echemus pallas)
Echemus medius Schmidt, 1971: 415, f. 20-21 (mf; misidentified per Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 2, not identifiable)
Zimiromus montenegro Buckup & Brescovit, 1993 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028476
Zimiromus montenegro Buckup & Brescovit, 1993: 182, f. 5-8 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus muchmorei Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Virgin Is. urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028477
Zimiromus muchmorei Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 17, f. 49-52 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus nadleri Platnick & Shadab, 1979 | | Suriname urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028478
Zimiromus nadleri Platnick & Shadab, 1979a: 20, f. 56-57 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus penai Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Ecuador urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028479
Zimiromus penai Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 22, f. 55-56 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus piura Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Peru urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028480
Zimiromus piura Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 23, f. 65-66 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus platnicki Brescovit & Höfer, 1994 | | Bolivia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028481
Zimiromus platnicki Brescovit & Höfer, 1994a: 264, f. 7-8 (Df; N.B.: holotype previously placed as f of Z. beni) Original description
Zimiromus rabago Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Colombia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028482
Zimiromus rabago Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 11, f. 25-28 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus racamus Buckup & Brescovit, 1993 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028483
Zimiromus racamus Buckup & Brescovit, 1993: 181, f. 1-4 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus recs Zapata & Grismado, 2012 | | Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:044943
Zimiromus recs Zapata & Grismado, 2012: 65, f. 1-14 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus reichardti Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028484
Zimiromus reichardti Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 16, f. 47-48 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus rothi Platnick & Shadab, 1981 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028485
Zimiromus rothi Platnick & Shadab, 1981d: 191, f. 9-10 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus sinop Platnick & Shadab, 1981 | | Brazil, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028486
Zimiromus sinop Platnick & Shadab, 1981d: 193, f. 15-18 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus sinop Carrión, Olejnik & Grismado, 2017: 88, f. 3-6 (f)
Zimiromus sununga Buckup & Brescovit, 1993 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028487
Zimiromus sununga Buckup & Brescovit, 1993: 184, f. 9-10 (Dm) Original description
Zimiromus syenus Buckup & Brescovit, 1993 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028488
Zimiromus syenus Buckup & Brescovit, 1993: 184, f. 11-12 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus syenus Brescovit & Buckup, 1998: 169, f. 7-8 (Dm)
Zimiromus syenus Carvalho & Gasnier, 2019: CB22, f. 75-78 (mf)
Zimiromus tapirape Brescovit & Buckup, 1998 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028489
Zimiromus tapirape Brescovit & Buckup, 1998: 168, f. 1-4 (Dmf) Original description
Zimiromus tonina Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028490
Zimiromus tonina Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 14, f. 37-38 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus tropicalis (Banks, 1909) | | Costa Rica, Panama urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028491
Echemus tropicalis Banks, 1909a: 197, pl. 6, f. 36 (Df) Original description
Zimiromus fragilis Banks, 1914a: 676, pl. 28, f. 9, 12 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058423]
Echemus montanus Chickering, 1949: 329, f. 17-19 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058424]
Zimiromus tropicalis Platnick & Shadab, 1976e: 6, f. 5-8 (mf, T from Echemus, S of Echemus montanus and Zimiromus fragilis)
Zimiromus volksberg Platnick & Shadab, 1981 | | Suriname urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028492
Zimiromus volksberg Platnick & Shadab, 1981d: 193, f. 13-14 (Df) Original description

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