Sponsors
N.B.: family name and authorship as per ICZN, 2009 Opinion 2224, after application by Kluge, 2007; Arkyinae L. Koch, 1872 (genera Arkys Walckenaer, 1837 and Demadiana Strand, 1929) elevated to Arkyidae by Dimitrov et al., 2017: 244; monophyly of Araneidae stated by Kallal et al., 2018: 138; Nephilinae Simon, 1894 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spiderfam:0111] elevated to family and relimited by Kuntner, 2006: 24, re-synonymized with Araneidae by Dimitrov et al., 2017: 244; Nephilinae and Phonognathinae Simon, 1894 (Simon, 1894a: 746 as Phonognatheae), the valid name for Zygiellinae Simon, 1929 sensu Wunderlich, 2004f, elevated to family by Kuntner et al., 2019: 563, not accepted by Scharff et al., 2020 and Kallal et al., 2020, and confirmed as family by Kuntner et al., 2023: 969-970 along with the separation of Paraplectanoididae Kuntner, Coddington, Agnarsson & Bond, 2023; Nephilinae and Phonognathinae downgraded to subfamily and Paraplectanoididae considered a synonym of Araneidae by Hormiga et al., 2023: 803; family status of Paraplectanoididae, Nephilidae and Phonognathidae revalidated by Kuntner et al., 2025: 17, 23, but not accepted here for reasons of stability; Oarcinae (Gnolus and Oarces) transferred from the Mimetidae to the Araneidae by Dimitrov et al., 2012: Suppl. 1, p. 15, re-transfer to the Mimetidae by Eskov & Marusik, 2023: 340 not accepted here (by majority vote of the WSC boards); Eskov & Marusik, 2023: 241 and Eskov & Marusik, 2024: 52 consider Zygiellidae as the valid name instead of Phonognathidae and accept the family status of Nephilidae; the status of the Nephilinae and Phonognathinae (= Zygiellidae) as subfamilies is accepted by majority vote of the WSC boards; Eskov & Marusik, 2024: 52 list ten subfamilies and tribes as valid (besides Nephilidae and Zygiellidae): Araneinae, Argiopinae Simon, 1890a: 81 (sub Argiopidae), Cyrtarachninae Simon, 1895a: 876 (sub Cyrtarachneae), Сyrtophorinae Simon, 1895a: 876 (sub Cyrtophoreae), Gasteracanthinae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871e: 217 (sub Gasteracanthides), Micratheninae Simon, 1895a: 848 (sub Micratheneae), Guizygiellinae Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003: 42, Caerostrini Simon, 1895a: 831 (sub Cerostreae), Hypognathini Simon, 1895a: 871 (sub Hypognatheae) and Poltyini Simon, 1895a: 888 (sub Poltyeae).
Transferred to other genera:
Singa abbreviata Keyserling, 1879 -- see Bertrana
Singa aenea Kroneberg, 1875 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa affinis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa albovittata Westring, 1851 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa atra Kulczyński, 1885 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa attica Simon, 1884 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa aussereri Thorell, 1873 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa bengryi Archer, 1958 -- see Metepeira
Singa calix (Walckenaer, 1841) -- see Metazygia
Singa crewi Banks, 1903 -- see Metazygia
Singa cubana Banks, 1909 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa dotana Banks, 1914 -- see Exalbidion
Singa duodecimguttata Keyserling, 1879 -- see Spilasma
Singa erythrothorax Taczanowski, 1873 -- see Alpaida
Singa essequibensis (Hingston, 1932) -- see Eustala
Singa flava O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 -- see Araneus
Singa floridana Banks, 1896 -- see Araneus
Singa gracilenta (Roewer, 1942) -- see Argiope
Singa groenlandica (Simon, 1889) -- see Hypsosinga
Singa hentzi Banks, 1907 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa heri (Hahn, 1831) -- see Hypsosinga
Singa leucogramma (White, 1841) -- see Alpaida
Singa linyphiformis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) -- see Hypsosinga
Singa longicauda Taczanowski, 1878 -- see Cyclosa
Singa marmorata Taczanowski, 1873 -- see Alpaida
Singa maura (Hentz, 1847) -- see Metazygia
Singa melania Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa modesta Banks, 1896 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa mollybyrnae McCook, 1894 -- see Metazygia
Singa nigripes Keyserling, 1884 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa nigrofasciata L. Koch, 1881 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa niveosigillata Mello-Leitão, 1941 -- see Alpaida
Singa orotes Archer, 1951 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa perpolita (Thorell, 1893) -- see Songaraneus
Singa phragmiteti Nemenz, 1956 -- see Larinia
Singa pratensis Emerton, 1884 -- see Araneus
Singa pygmaea (Sundevall, 1831) -- see Hypsosinga
Singa quadripunctata Kishida, 1931 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa rubens (Hentz, 1847) -- see Hypsosinga
Singa rufula Simon, 1874 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa sanguinea C. L. Koch, 1844 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa scabristernis Kulczyński, 1887 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa scutifera Westring, 1861 -- see Cercidia
Singa singaeformis (Scheffer, 1904) -- see Hypsosinga
Singa theridiformis (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) -- see Hypsosinga
Singa trapezoides (Karsch, 1879) -- see Eriophora
Singa trituberculata (Lucas, 1846) -- see Cyclosa
Singa truncata Banks, 1901 -- see Hypsosinga
Singa tuberculata Reinhard, 1874 -- see Cyclosa
Singa vanbruyseli Becker, 1879 -- see Cyclosa
Singa variabilis Emerton, 1884 -- see Hypsosinga
In synonymy:
Singa campestris Emerton, 1915 = Singa keyserlingi McCook, 1894 (Levi, 1972a: 232)
Singa decora (Simon, 1891) = Singa neta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) (Levy, 1984: 124)
Singa hamata (Olivier, 1789) = Singa hamata (Clerck, 1757) (ICZN, 1959: 89)
Singa pollocki (Denis, 1956, T from Steatoda) = Singa neta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) (Levy, 1984: 124)
Singa septemguttata (Simon, 1873, T from Steatoda) = Singa neta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) (Levy, 1984: 124)
Singa serrulata C. L. Koch, 1844 = Singa nitidula C. L. Koch, 1844 (Simon, 1874a: 124)
Singa tubulosa (Walckenaer, 1802, T from Epeira) = Singa hamata (Clerck, 1757) (C. L. Koch, 1836a: 42)
Nomina dubia:
Singa hamata melanocephala C. L. Koch, 1836a: 44, f. 199 (m, Italy) -- Breitling et al., 2016b: 72
Singa moesta Banks, 1898b: 256, pl. 15, f. 3 (f, Mexico) -- Levi, 1972a: 231
Singa simoniana Costa, 1885: 255 (f, Italy/Sardinia) -- Sherwood, Blick & Ballarin, 2025: 44
Singa tremens Holmberg, 1876: 16 (f, Argentina) -- Levi, 1972a: 231
Singa vittata Taczanowski, 1873: 128 (f, French Guiana) -- Levi, 1972a: 231
Sponsors