Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859

Family |   ACCEPTED
N.B.: for comments on relationships, see Michalik & Hormiga, 2010: 7; re-synonymization of Pimoidae (Murphy & Roberts, 2015: ix) not sufficiently justified and is not accepted here; Sinopimoidae Li & Wunderlich, 2008 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spiderfam:0112] synonymyized with Linyphiidae by Dimitrov et al., 2017: 245; resurrection of Sinopimoidae by Wunderlich, 2020b: 20 is not accepted here, because Dimitrov et al., 2017 was not taken into account; re-elevation of Sinopimoidae to family level by Eskov & Marusik, 2023: 343 not accepted here (by majority vote of the WSC boards); the current status of Sinopimoidae is also maintained for reasons of stability and we wait for a probable confirmation or rejection of this resurrection; Tian et al., 2022 show five subfamilies: Linyphiinae (incl. Mynogleninae  Lehtinen, 1967: 250 and Dubiaraneinae Millidge, 1993c: 145), Erigoninae Emerton, 1882: 7, Micronetinae Hull, 1920a: 8, Ipainae Saaristo, 2007b: 34 and Stemonyphantinae Wunderlich, 1986: 120; da Silva-Moreira, Kulkarni & Hormiga, 2025: 60-62 list resp. newly circumscribe six subfamilies: Erigoninae, Lepthyphantinae Simon, 1929: 562, Linyphiinae (syn. nov.: Dubiaraneinae), Mynogleninae, Pocobletinae Silva-Moreira & Hormiga, 2025: 61 (new subfamily) and Stemonyphantinae, state Ipainae and Micronetinae to be polyphyletic, leave several linyphiid clades unranked and also several genera as incertae sedis.

In synonymy:

Soudinus Crosby & Bishop, 1936 = Hilaira Simon, 1884 (Marusik et al., 1993a: 68)

Utopiellum Strand, 1901 = Hilaira Simon, 1884 (Holm, 1945b: 28)

Gen. Hilaira Simon, 1884 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:01010
type Neriene excisa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871; gender feminine

N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Utopiellum Strand, 1901b: 31 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05241] (type Erigone mirabilis L. Koch, 1879 = Hilaira herniosa (Thorell, 1875)) by Holm, 1945b: 28 and of Soudinus Crosby & Bishop, 1936b: 59 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05240] (type Gongylidium canaliculatum Emerton, 1915) by Marusik et al., 1993a: 68; not a junior synonym of Leptothrix Menge, 1869 (Merrett, Locket & Millidge, 1985: 397, contra Millidge, 1977); not a senior synonym of Oreoneta Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1894 (Saaristo & Marusik, 2004a: 208, not accepted by Breitling, 2021: 21); not a senior synonym of Arctilaira Chamberlin, 1921 (Tanasevitch & Marusik, 2026: 119, contra Holm, 1960b: 119).

Transferred to other genera:

Hilaira algida Hackman, 1954 -- see Sougambus

Hilaira alpina Eskov, 1987 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira balia Crosby & Bishop, 1929 -- see Neomaso

Hilaira banini Marusik & Tanasevitch, 2003 -- see Arctilaira

Hilaira bellans (Chamberlin, 1921) -- see Arctilaira

Hilaira carli Lessert, 1907 -- see Sciastes

Hilaira corneliae (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944) -- see Disembolus

Hilaira cryophila (Koelbel, 1886) -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira curvitarsus (Sørensen, 1898) -- see Arctilaira

Hilaira dubia Hackman, 1954 -- see Sciastes

Hilaira faeroica Schenkel, 1925 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira frigida (Thorell, 1872) -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira frigida brunnea (Emerton, 1882) -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira frigida intercepta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873) -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira gertschi Holm, 1960 -- see Arctilaira

Hilaira glacialis (Thorell, 1871) -- see Arctilaira

Hilaira holmi Eskov, 1981 -- see Drepanotylus

Hilaira jamalensis Eskov, 1981 -- see Arctilaira

Hilaira leviceps (L. Koch, 1879) -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira mentasta (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947) -- see Sciastes

Hilaira modesta (Thorell, 1872) -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira mongolica Wunderlich, 1995 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira montigena (L. Koch, 1872) -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira montigena arctica Holm, 1960 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira nivalis Holm, 1937 -- see Arctilaira

Hilaira plagiata Tullgren, 1901 -- see Laminacauda

Hilaira punctata Tullgren, 1955 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira ruderalis (Sørensen, 1898) -- see Arctilaira

Hilaira sinuosa Tullgren, 1955 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira tatrica Kulczyński, 1915 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira tatrica garrina Chamberlin, 1949 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira uncata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873) -- see Drepanotylus

Hilaira vexatrix (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877) -- see Arctilaira

Hilaira whymperi Jackson, 1933 -- see Arctilaira

In synonymy:

Hilaira aquilonia (Hackman, 1954, T from Sciastes) = Hilaira canaliculata (Emerton, 1915) (Aitchison-Benell & Dondale, 1990: 224, sub Soudinus)

Hilaira curvitarsis (Emerton, 1917) = Hilaira herniosa (Thorell, 1875) (Bishop & Crosby, 1935c: 236, sub Utopiellum mirabile)

Hilaira glacialis thienemanni Schenkel, 1939 = Hilaira pervicax Hull, 1908 (Holm, 1945b: 29)

Hilaira mirabilis (L. Koch, 1879, T from Utopiellum) = Hilaira herniosa (Thorell, 1875) (Holm, 1945b: 28)

Hilaira monedula Saito, 1986 = Hilaira herniosa (Thorell, 1875) (Eskov, 1987a: 1030)

Hilaira ryabukhini Eskov & Marusik, 1991 = Hilaira canaliculata (Emerton, 1915) (Marusik et al., 1993a: 68)

Hilaira zaicewi Kulczyński, 1916 = Hilaira proletaria (L. Koch, 1879) (Holm, 1973: 85)

Nomen dubium:

Hilaira consimilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1875b: 192, pl. 27, f. 2, m, Europe, originally in Erigone) -- Holm, 1945b: 28

Hilaira asiatica Eskov, 1987 | | Russia (Middle Siberia to Far North-East) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010802
Hilaira asiatica Eskov, 1987a: 1022, f. 2.1-4 (Dmf) Original description
Hilaira asiatica Tanasevitch & Marusik, 2026: 117, f. 1C (m)
Hilaira canaliculata (Emerton, 1915) | | Russia (Far North-East to Kurile Is.), Canada, USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010803
Gongylidium canaliculatum Emerton, 1915b: 151, pl. 2, f. 6 (Dmf) Original description
Soudinus canaliculatus Crosby & Bishop, 1936b: 59, pl. 5, f. 17-20 (mf)
Hilaira aquilonia Hackman, 1954: 27, f. 93, 97-99, 101 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056678]
Sciastes aquilonia Eskov, 1981b: 1487 (T from Hilaira)
Soudinus canaliculatus Aitchison-Benell & Dondale, 1990: 224 (mf, T from Hilaira, S of Sciastes aquilonia)
Hilaira ryabukhini Eskov & Marusik, 1991: 244, f. 41-45 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056684]
Hilaira canalicata Marusik et al., 1993a: 68 (S of Hilaira ryabukhini)
Hilaira canaliculata Marusik & Koponen, 2002: 161, f. 5-11, 17-22 (mf)
Hilaira canaliculata Paquin & Dupérré, 2003: 110, f. 1114-1116 (mf)
Hilaira canaliculata Tanasevitch & Marusik, 2026: 117, f. 1F (m)
Hilaira dapaensis Wunderlich, 1983 | | Nepal urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010804
Hilaira dapaensis Wunderlich, 1983a: 232, f. 27-31 (Dmf) Original description
“Hilaira” dapaensis Tanasevitch, 2021b: 114 (unclear generic affiliation)
Hilaira devitata Eskov, 1987 | | Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010805
Hilaira devitata Eskov, 1987a: 1023, f. 3.1-5 (Dmf) Original description
Hilaira devitata Tanasevitch & Marusik, 2026: 117, f. 1G (m)
Hilaira excisa (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) | | Europe urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010806
Neriene excisa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871a: 440, pl. 56, f. 29 (Dm) Original description
Hilaira excisa Simon, 1884a: 375, f. 150-152 (m, Df)
Hilaira excisa Simon, 1894a: 701, f. 759 (m)
Hilaira excisa Hull, 1908: 115, pl. 5, f. 2b, 3b (mf)
Hilaira excisa Miller, 1936a: 186, f. 10 (m)
Hilaira excisa Locket & Millidge, 1953: 321, f. 195A-B, E, 196E (mf)
Hilaira excisa Tullgren, 1955: 386, f. 87 (f)
Hilaira excisa Wiehle, 1956: 25, f. 32-35 (mf)
Hilaira excisa Merrett, 1963b: 387, f. 47A-B (m)
Hilaira excisa Tystshenko, 1971: 214, f. 649 (f)
Hilaira excisa Miller, 1971: 236, pl. XLVI, f. 20-22 (mf)
Hilaira excisa Millidge, 1977: 8, f. 14 (m)
Hilaira excisa Roberts, 1987: 107, f. 51a, 52a (mf)
Hilaira excisa Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 170, f. 457 (mf)
Hilaira excisa Hormiga, 2000: 41, f. 14A-I, pl. 33A-F, 34A-F (mf)
Hilaira excisa Saaristo & Marusik, 2004a: 209, f. 2A-B, 5A-B, 6B, 7-12 (mf)
Hilaira excisa Breitling, 2020: 347, f. 18B (m)
Hilaira excisa Marusik & Nekhaeva, 2020a: 135, f. 1G (m prosoma)
Hilaira excisa Tanasevitch & Marusik, 2026: 117, f. 1A, 2A-G, 3A-B, 4A-C (mf)
Hilaira gibbosa Tanasevitch, 1982 | | Russia (Europe to Far East), Mongolia, Canada urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010811
Hilaira gibbosa Tanasevitch, 1982: 1505, pl. 1, f. 5-7, pl. 3, f. 5-7, pl. 4, f. 1-4 (Dmf) Original description
Hilaira gibbosa Wunderlich, 1995e: 497, f. 73-76 (mf)
Hilaira gibbosa Tanasevitch, 2013c: 286, f. 84-85 (f)
Hilaira gibbosa Tanasevitch & Marusik, 2026: 117, f. 1D (m)
Hilaira herniosa (Thorell, 1875) | | Alaska, Canada, USA, Switzerland, Turkey, Scandinavia, Russia (Europe to Far East), Mongolia, Japan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010813
Erigone herniosa Thorell, 1875a: 87 (Df) Original description
Erigone herniosa Thorell, 1875c: 32 (f)
Erigone mirabilis L. Koch, 1879c: 49, pl. 2, f. 4 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056681]
Utopiellum mirabile Strand, 1901b: 31
Hilaira mirabilis Kulczyński, 1916: 13, pl. 1, f. 18 (f)
Gongylidium curvitarsis Emerton, 1917: 262, f. 14.1-5 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:066806]
Hilaira curvitarsis Emerton, 1920: 316
Utopiellum curvitarse Chamberlin, 1921c: 40
Utopiellum mirabile Bishop & Crosby, 1935c: 236, pl. 20, f. 38-41 (mf, S of Utopiellum curvitarse)
Hilaira herniosa Holm, 1945b: 28 (removed from S of Oreonetides vaginatus [rejecting Simon, 1929: 725], S of Utopiellum mirabile)
Hilaira herniosa Vogelsanger, 1948: 38, f. 2-3 (mf)
Hilaira herniosa Tullgren, 1955: 385, f. 86a-c (mf)
Hilaira herniosa Staręga, 1974: 19, f. 1-3, photo 1 (f)
Hilaira herniosa Palmgren, 1975: 91, f. 22.20-21 (mf)
Hilaira herniosa Millidge, 1977: 8, f. 13 (m)
Hilaira herniosa Pakhorukov & Utochkin, 1977b: 907, f. 3-4 (mf)
Hilaira monedula Saito, 1986: 21, f. 32-35 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056682]
Hilaira herniosa Eskov, 1987a: 1029, f. 6.6-8 (mf, S of Hilaira monedula)
Hilaira herniosa Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 170, f. 458 (mf)
Hilaira herniosa Paquin & Dupérré, 2003: 111, f. 1120-1122 (mf)
Hilaira herniosa Ono, Matsuda & Saito, 2009: 306, f. 669-672 (mf)
Hilaira herniosa Marusik, 2015: 688, f. 1E, 12D-E (f)
Hilaira herniosa Tanasevitch & Marusik, 2026: 117, f. 3C (m)
Hilaira hyperborea Kulczyński, 1908 | | Russia (Middle Siberia) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:012535
Hilaira hyperborea Kulczyński, 1908b: 33, pl. 2, f. 41-42 (Df) Original description
Sciastes hyperboreus Eskov, 1987a: 1029 (T from Hilaira)
Hilaira hyperborea Tanasevitch & Nekhaeva, 2016: 316 (T from Sciastes)
Hilaira hyperborea Tanasevitch & Marusik, 2026: 117, f. 1I (m)
Hilaira incondita (L. Koch, 1879) | | Russia (Europe to Far North-East), Canada urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010814
Erigone incondita L. Koch, 1879c: 66, pl. 2, f. 17 (Df) Original description
Hilaira incondita Kulczyński, 1908b: 29, pl. 2, f. 50-51, 61-62 (Dmf)
Hilaira incondita Kulczyński, 1916: 13, pl. 1, f. 15 (f)
Hilaira incondita Marusik & Nekhaeva, 2020a: 134, f. 1A-C, 2A-I, 4A-I (mf)
Hilaira incondita Tanasevitch & Marusik, 2026: 117, f. 1E (m)
Hilaira marusiki Eskov, 1987 | | Russia (north-eastern Siberia), Mongolia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010817
Hilaira marusiki Eskov, 1987a: 1023, f. 4.1-4 (Dmf) Original description
Hilaira meridionalis Tanasevitch, 2013 | | Russia (South Siberia) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:046228
Hilaira meridionalis Tanasevitch, 2013c: 286, f. 78-81 (Df) Original description
Hilaira minuta Eskov, 1979 | | Russia (West Siberia to Far East), Mongolia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010818
Hilaira minuta Eskov, 1979: 67, f. 6-10, 17-18 (Dmf) Original description
Hilaira minuta Tanasevitch, 2013c: 286, f. 82-83 (f)
Hilaira nubigena Hull, 1911 | | Britain, Poland, Scandinavia, Russia (Europe to Far North-East), Alaska urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010822
Hilaira nubigena Hull, 1911b: 52, pl. 2, f. 1, 4-7, 13 (Dmf) Original description
Utopiellum nubigena Hull, 1933: 109 (removed from S of Hilaira montigena, rejecting Simon, 1926: 531)
Hilaira nubigena Locket & Millidge, 1953: 323, f. 195D, F, 196A-B, F (mf)
Hilaira nubigena Tullgren, 1955: 385, f. 85a-c (f)
Hilaira nubigena Palmgren, 1975: 92, f. 23.1-2 (mf)
Hilaira nubigena Millidge, 1977: 8, f. 15, 20 (m)
Hilaira nubigena Roberts, 1987: 107, f. 51c, 52d (mf)
Hilaira nubigena Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 168, f. 454 (mf)
Hilaira pelikena Eskov, 1987 | | Russia (Far East) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010823
Hilaira pelikena Eskov, 1987a: 1026, f. 5.1-4 (Dm) Original description
Hilaira pelikena Marusik & Koponen, 2002: 161, f. 12-16 (mf)
Hilaira pervicax Hull, 1908 | | Ireland, Britain, Scandinavia, Russia (Europe to north-eastern Siberia) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010824
Hilaira pervicax Hull, 1908: 112, pl. 5, f. 1, 2a, 3a, 4 (Dm) Original description
Hilaira pervicax Hull, 1909: 449, pl. 12, f. 1-3 (f)
Hilaira pervicax Hull in O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1909a: 173, pl. A, f. 16-19 (m)
Hilaira pervicax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1910: 103, pl. A, f. 4 (Df)
Hilaira glacialis thienemanni Schenkel, 1939: 107, f. 5 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056680]
Hilaira pervicax Holm, 1945b: 29 (S of Hilaira glacialis thienemanni)
Hilaira pervicax Locket & Millidge, 1953: 325, f. 195G, 196C-D, G (mf)
Hilaira pervicax Tullgren, 1955: 384, f. 84a-b (mf)
Hilaira pervicax Palmgren, 1975: 92, f. 22.22-23 (mf)
Hilaira pervicax Millidge, 1977: 8, f. 16, 187 (m)
Hilaira pervicax Roberts, 1987: 107, f. 51d, 52b (mf)
Hilaira pervicax Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 168, f. 455 (mf)
Hilaira proletaria (L. Koch, 1879) | | Russia (Europe to Far North-East), Alaska, Canada urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010825
Linyphia proletaria L. Koch, 1879c: 23, pl. 1, f. 10 (Df) Original description
Hilaira zaicewii Kulczyński, 1916: 14, pl. 1, f. 16-17, 19-22 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056685]
Hilaira proletaria Holm, 1973: 85, f. 36-37 (mf, T from Linyphia, S of Hilaira zaicewi)
Hilaira proletaria Marusik & Nekhaeva, 2020a: 135, f. 1D-F, 3A-H, 5A-F, 6A-E (mf)
Hilaira proletaria Tanasevitch & Marusik, 2026: 117, f. 1H (m)
Hilaira sibirica Eskov, 1987 | | Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East), Mongolia, Alaska, Canada urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010826
Hilaira sibirica Eskov, 1987a: 1026, f. 6.1-5 (Dmf) Original description
Hilaira sibirica Tanasevitch & Marusik, 2026: 117, f. 3D (m)
Hilaira syrojeczkovskii Eskov, 1981 | | Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010827
Hilaira syrojeczkovskii Eskov, 1981b: 1491, pl. 2, f. 5-7 (Dmf) Original description
Hilaira tuberculifera Sha & Zhu, 1995 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010830
Hilaira tuberculifera Sha & Zhu, 1995: 284, f. 16-20 (Dmf) Original description
Hilaira tuberculifera Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 171, f. 98E-F, I-J (mf)

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