World Spider Catalog

Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Hadrotarsidae Thorell, 1881 (removed from the synonymy of Oonopidae by Roewer, 1963a: 122, contra Roewer, 1942a: 287) by Forster, Platnick & Coddington, 1990: 111 (after Wunderlich, 1978a: 25 and Wunderlich, 1986: 95, contra Baert, 1984a: 615 and Davies, 1985: 67), who recognized an expanded Hadrotarsinae as well as a separate subfamily Spintharinae.

In synonymy:

Chacoca Badcock, 1932 = Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 (Levi, 1959c: 18)

Gen. Latrodectus Walckenaer, 1805 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:00702

N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Chacoca Badcock, 1932: 9 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05700] (type C. antherata Badcock, 1932) by Levi, 1959c: 18.

In synonymy:

Latrodectus agoyangyang Plantilla & Mabalay, 1935 = Latrodectus mactans Fabricius, 1775 (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus albomaculatus Franganillo, 1930 = Latrodectus mactans Fabricius, 1775 (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus atritus Urquhart, 1890 = Latrodectus katipo Powell, 1871 (Vink et al., 2008: 599)

Latrodectus carteri Badcock, 1932 = Latrodectus antheratus Badcock, 1932 (Abalos, 1980: 43, contra Levi, 1959c: 39)

Latrodectus concinnus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 = Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 (Smithers, 1944: 301)

Latrodectus cretaceus Badcock, 1932 = Latrodectus antheratus Badcock, 1932 (Mello-Leitão, 1946b: 34, sub L. carteri)

Latrodectus distinctus (Badcock, 1932, removed from S of L. curacaviensis) = Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 (Abalos, 1980: 49, contra Levi, 1959c: 39)

Latrodectus flavodorsatus (Badcock, 1932) = Latrodectus antheratus Badcock, 1932 (Abalos, 1980: 43, contra Levi, 1959c: 39)

Latrodectus foliatus Mello-Leitão, 1940 (removed from S of L. mactans) = Latrodectus curacaviensis Müller, 1776 (Levi, 1959c: 39, but see also Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1965c: 58)

Latrodectus geometricus modestus Caporiacco, 1949 = Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 (Levi, 1959c: 21)

Latrodectus geometricus obscuratus Caporiacco, 1949 = Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 (Levi, 1959c: 21)

Latrodectus geometricus subalbicans Caporiacco, 1949 = Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 (Levi, 1959c: 21)

Latrodectus hahli Dahl, 1902 = Latrodectus mactans Fabricius, 1775 (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus hasselti ancorifer Dahl, 1902 = Latrodectus hasselti Thorell, 1870 (Levi, 1959c: 27, sub Pacific populations of L. mactans)

Latrodectus hasselti aruensis Strand, 1911 = Latrodectus hasselti Thorell, 1870 (Levi, 1959c: 27, sub Pacific populations of L. mactans)

Latrodectus hasselti indicus Simon, 1897 = Latrodectus hasselti Thorell, 1870 (Levi, 1959c: 27, sub Pacific populations of L. mactans)

Latrodectus incertus Lawrence, 1927 (removed from S of L. mactans) = Latrodectus renivulvatus Dahl, 1902 (Lotz, 1994a: 46, contra Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus insularis Dahl, 1902 = Latrodectus mactans Fabricius, 1775 (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus insularis lunulifer Dahl, 1902 = Latrodectus mactans Fabricius, 1775 (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus luzonicus Dahl, 1902 = Latrodectus mactans Fabricius, 1775 (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus mactans albomaculatus Franganillo, 1930 = Latrodectus mactans Fabricius, 1775 (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus mactans mexicanus Gonzalez, 1954 = Latrodectus mactans Fabricius, 1775 (Levi, 1959c: 28)

Latrodectus mactans texanus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 = Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 (Kaston, 1970: 39, contra Levi, 1959c: 28)

Latrodectus melanozanthus (Urquhart, 1887, removed from S of L. hasselti) = Latrodectus katipo Powell, 1871 (Vink et al., 2008: 599)

Latrodectus pallidus pavlovskii Charitonov, 1954 = Latrodectus pallidus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 (Levi, 1959c: 38)

Latrodectus sagittifer Dahl, 1902 = Latrodectus mactans Fabricius, 1775 (Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus schuchii C. L. Koch, 1836 = Latrodectus mactans Fabricius, 1775 (Levi, 1959c: 26, but see Schmidt, Piepho & Samm, 2001: 1)

Latrodectus stuhlmanni Dahl, 1902 (removed from S of L. mactans) = Latrodectus cinctus Blackwall, 1865 (Lotz, 1994a: 28, contra Levi, 1959c: 27)

Latrodectus tadzhicus Marusik & Tarabaev, 1995 = Latrodectus dahli Levi, 1959 (Knoflach & van Harten, 2002: 333)

Latrodectus zebrinius (Urquhart, 1890, removed from S of L. hasselti) = Latrodectus katipo Powell, 1871 (Vink et al., 2008: 599)

Nomina dubia:

Latrodectus dotatus C. L. Koch, 1841a: vol. 8, 115, pl. 284, f. 683 (m, USA) -- Levi, 1959c: 26

Latrodectus limacidus Cantor, 1842: 491 (China) -- Roewer, 1955c: 1537

Latrodectus pallidus immaculatus Caporiacco, 1933: 323 (f, Libya) -- Levi, 1959c: 38

Latrodectus antheratus (Badcock, 1932) | | Paraguay, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007799

Chacoca antherata Badcock, 1932: 10, f. 5 (Dm) Original description

Chacoca flavodorsata Badcock, 1932: 11, f. 6 (Df)

Latrodectus carteri Badcock, 1932: 12, f. 8 (Df)

Latrodectus cretaceus Badcock, 1932: 13 (Df)

Latrodectus carteri Mello-Leitão, 1946b: 34 (S)

Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1959c: 38, f. 68 (f, S, rejected)

Latrodectus antheratus Abalos, 1980: 43, f. 18, 45-55 (mf, removed from S, S)

Latrodectus apicalis Butler, 1877 | | Ecuador (Galapagos Is.) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007800

Latrodectus apicalis Butler, 1877: 75, pl. 13, f. 5 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus apicalis Roth & Craig, 1970: 121 (removed from S of L. mactans)

Latrodectus bishopi Kaston, 1938 | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007802

Latrodectus mactans bishopi Kaston, 1938e: 60 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1958: 1055 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus bishopi McCrone & Levi, 1964: 15, f. 2, 4-7 (mf, removed from S of L. curacaviensis, elevated from subspecies of L. mactans)

Latrodectus cinctus Blackwall, 1865 | | Cape Verde, Africa, Oman, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007803

Latrodectus cinctus Blackwall, 1865b: 341 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus cinctus Knoflach & van Harten, 2002: 332, f. 9-11 (f)

Latrodectus stuhlmanni Dahl, 1902a: 45 (Df)

Latrodectus cinctus Zamani et al., 2014: 59, f. 2D, 3D, 4D (mf)

Latrodectus cinctus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 256, pl. 26, f. 4f (f)

Latrodectus cinctus Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 38, 5 f. (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1959c: 26 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus cinctus Nejati et al., 2022: 1088, f. 3a-b (f)

Latrodectus cinctus Lotz, 1994a: 28, f. 4a-c, 5, 6a-e (removed f from S of L. mactans, Dm, S)

Latrodectus cinctus Souri et al., 2024: 100, f. 1A-B, 2M-O (f)

Latrodectus cinctus Lotz, 1994b: 12, f. 4a-c, 5, 6a-e (mf)

Latrodectus corallinus Abalos, 1980 | | Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007804

Latrodectus corallinus Abalos, 1980: 39, f. 19, 31-37 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus curacaviensis (Müller, 1776) | | Caribbean, South America urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007805

Aranea curacaviensis Müller, 1776b: 342 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus curacaviensis Thorell, 1875e: 141 (Dm)

Latrodectus geographicus van Hasselt, 1888: 176, pl. 5, f. 1-4 (Df)

Latrodectus geographicus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 379, pl. 35, f. 21-22 (f, Dm)

Latrodectus curacaviensis F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 254, pl. 27, f. 4

Latrodectus curacaviensis Tullgren, 1905: 27, pl. 3, f. 7 (f)

Latrodectus curacaviensis Carbonell, 1923a: 351, f. 3

Latrodectus foliatus Mello-Leitão, 1940b: 35, f. 33, pl. I, f. 4 (Dmf)

Latrodectus mactans Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1942: 16 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1959c: 38, f. 2-4, 16-18, 35-36, 52, 70-71 (mf in part, S)

Latrodectus curacaviensis Carcavallo, 1960: 91, f. 2, 6, 9 (mf)

Latrodectus curacaviensis McCrone & Levi, 1964: 13, f. 1, 16-17 (f)

Latrodectus sp. Bücherl, 1965: 95, f. 1-6 (m)

Latrodectus curacaviensis Abalos, 1980: 46, f. 56 (f)

Latrodectus dahli Levi, 1959 | | North Africa, Cyprus, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Middle East, Iran, Central Asia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007806

Latrodectus dahli Levi, 1959c: 42, f. 11-12 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus dahli Tystshenko & Ergashev, 1974: 934, f. 1-5, 9 (Dm, f)

Latrodectus dahli Levy & Amitai, 1983: 55, f. 37-41 (mf)

Latrodectus dahli Ergashev, 1990: 65, f. 31.1-5, 9 (mf)

Latrodectus tadzhicus Marusik & Tarabaev, 1995: 212, f. 1-4 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007825]

Latrodectus dahli Marusik & Tarabaev, 1995: 213, f. 5-6 (f)

Latrodectus dahli Levy, 1998b: 108, f. 198-202 (mf)

Latrodectus dahli Knoflach & van Harten, 2002: 333, f. 3, 12-19 (mf, S of Latrodectus tadzhicus)

Latrodectus dahli Knoflach, 2002b: 169, f. 4a (f)

Latrodectus dahli Knoflach, 2004: 184, f. 24b (f)

Latrodectus dahli Kakhki, 2005: 56, f. 4A-E (mf)

Latrodectus dahli Jäger & Gromov, 2011: 188, f. 1-2 (f)

Latrodectus dahli Zamani et al., 2014: 59, f. 2A, 3A, 4B (mf)

Latrodectus dahli Najim & Al-Hadlak, 2020: 143, f. 4A-D (f)

Latrodectus dahli Souri et al., 2024: 100, f. 1C-D, 2D-F (f)

Latrodectus dahli Zamani et al., 2024: 304, f. 10C-D (f)

Latrodectus diaguita Carcavallo, 1960 | | Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007807

Latrodectus diaguita Carcavallo, 1960: 85, f. 3-4, 7, 10 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus mactans Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1965c: 57, f. 8 (f, S, rejected)

Latrodectus diaguita Abalos, 1980: 38, f. 24-30 (mf, removed from S of L. mactans)

Latrodectus elegans Thorell, 1898 | | India, Nepal, Myanmar, China, Japan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:038316

Latrodectus elegans Thorell, 1898: 293 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus hasselti elegans Simon, 1909e: 97

Latrodectus mactans Zhu, 1998: 294, f. 199A-C (f, misidentified)

Latrodectus mactans Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 123, f. 63H-I (f, misidentified)

Latrodectus elegans Ono, 2002d: 3, f. 1 (apparently considered distinct from L. hasselti)

Latrodectus elegans Yoshida, 2003a: 47, f. 91-96 (mf, removed from S of L. hasselti, contra Levi, 1959c: 27, sub Pacific populations of L. mactans)

Latrodectus elegans Yoshida, 2009b: 363, f. 69-73 (mf)

Latrodectus elegans Kananbala et al., 2012: 2719, f. 1-5, images 1-5 (f)

Latrodectus erythromelas Schmidt & Klaas, 1991 | | India, Sri Lanka urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007808

Latrodectus erythromelas Schmidt & Klaas, 1991: 7, f. 1 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus garbae Rueda & Realpe, 2021 | | Colombia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:053606

Latrodectus garbae Rueda & Realpe in Rueda et al., 2021: 260, f. 4A-I, 11A-H (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841 | | Africa. Introduced to both Americas, Middle East, Pakistan, India, China, Japan, Thailand, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, Hawaii urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007809

Latrodectus geometricus C. L. Koch, 1841a: 117, f. 684 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus geometricus Thorell, 1875e: 138, pl. 25, f. 4 (f)

Theridium zickzack Karsch, 1878b: 311, pl. 8, f. 1 (Df)

Latrodectus geometricus Keyserling, 1884a: 148, pl. 7, f. 92 (f, Dm)

Latrodectus geometricus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 378, pl. 35, f. 23-24

Latrodectus geometricus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 252, pl. 27, f. 7

Latrodectus concinnus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904b: 152, pl. 10, f. 3-4 (Dmf)

Latrodectus geometricus Strand, 1908f: 464, f. B, D (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Carbonell, 1923a: 351, f. 1

Latrodectus geometricus Brazil & Vellard, 1926: 266, pl. 22, 2 unnumbered figs. (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Petrunkevitch, 1930a: 175, f. 14-16 (f)

Chacoca distincta Badcock, 1932: 11, f. 7 (Df)

Latrodectus geometricus Smithers, 1944: 301, f. 6c, 7b, 8d, 17-20 (mf, S of Latrodectus concinnus)

Latrodectus geometricus modestus Caporiacco, 1949a: 376 (Df)

Latrodectus geometricus subalbicans Caporiacco, 1949a: 376 (Df)

Latrodectus geometricus obscuratus Caporiacco, 1949a: 377 (Df)

Latrodectus geometricus Levi, 1959c: 21, f. 8-10, 25-28, 37, 39-51, 80-83 (mf, S of Latrodectus geometricus modestus, L. g. obscuratus and L. g. subalbicans)

Latrodectus geometricus Biasi, 1962: 327, f. 1-2 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Levi & Levi, 1962: 59, f. 253 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Abalos & Báez, 1963: 198, f. 1-3, 20-22 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Chrysanthus, 1963: 737, f. 53-54, 113 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1965c: 59, f. 10-11 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Abalos, 1967: 269, f. 11A-D (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Abalos & Báez, 1967a: 24, f. 9-10, 15-16 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Abalos & Báez, 1967b: 60, f. 4.11-12, 7-8 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Levi, 1967c: 185, f. 57-59 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Zumpt, 1968: 385, f. 2 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Abalos, 1980: 49, f. 17, 65-68 (mf, S)

Latrodectus geometricus Levy & Amitai, 1983: 56, f. 42-46 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Müller, 1985a: 27, f. 1-3 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Lotz, 1994a: 11, f. 1a-d, 2a, 2c-d, 8a (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Lotz, 1994b: 11, f. 1a-d, 2a, 2c-d, 8a (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Levy, 1998b: 110, f. 203-206 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Knoflach & van Harten, 2002: 339, f. 2, 20-28 (mf)

Latrodectus geometoricus Yoshida, 2003a: 48, f. 97-102 (mf, lapsus)

Latrodectus geometricus Knoflach & Pfaller, 2004: 138, f. 21a-b (m)

Latrodectus geometricus Agnarsson, 2004: 569, f. 54A-C, F, 55A-H (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Agnarsson, Coddington & Knoflach, 2007: 345, f. 12 (m)

Latrodectus geometricus Shukla & Broome, 2007: 775, f. 1, 2a-c (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Bayram et al., 2008b: 100, f. 2-3, 4a-d (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Yoshida, 2009b: 363, f. 74-77 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Saaristo, 2010: 276, f. 37.154 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Le Peru, 2011: 455, f. 742 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Simó et al., 2013: 372, f. 1-2 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Satam, 2015: 37, f. 1-7 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Muslimin et al., 2015: 1, f. 2A-E, G, I (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Rozwałka, Dawidowicz & Wawer, 2017: 62, f. 3-4 (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Cazanove, 2019: 11, f. 1A-B, 2, 3A-B, 4, 7A-B (f)

Latrodectus geometricus Wang & Zhang, 2019: 124, f. 1, 2A-B, 3A-G (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Sentenská et al., 2021: 3, f. 1a-c, 3a-b, 4a-b, 9a-d (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Cabrera-Espinosa & Valdez-Mondragón, 2021: 4, f. 14-16, 18-20, 27-29, 38-41 (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 39, p. 37: 1 f., p. 39: 5 f., p. 40: 4 f., p. 41: 3 f. (mf)

Latrodectus geometricus Abdel-Ghani, Hassan & Sallam, 2023: 37, f. 26a-b (mf)

Latrodectus hasselti Thorell, 1870 | | Southeast Asia to Australia. Introduced to Pakistan, India, Japan, New Zealand urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007810

Latrodectus hasseltii Thorell, 1870c: 369 (Dm jf) Original description

Latrodectus scelio Thorell, 1870c: 370 (Df)

Latrodectus hasselti L. Koch, 1872a: 276, pl. 23, f. 2-3 (m, Df)

Latrodectus scelio L. Koch, 1872a: 279, pl. 23, f. 4 (f)

Latrodectus scelio indicus Simon, 1897h: 98 (Df)

Latrodectus indicus Pocock, 1900a: 237

Latrodectus ancorifer Dahl, 1902a: 43 (Df)

Latrodectus hasselti F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 255, pl. 26, f. 4, pl. 27, f. 6

Latrodectus hasselti indicus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 255, pl. 27, f. 1

Latrodectus hasselti ancorifer Kulczyński, 1911c: 443

Latrodectus hasselti aruensis Strand, 1911d: 136 (Djf)

Latrodectus cinctus Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1942: 10 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus hasselti Hickman, 1967: 44, f. 72-76 (mf)

Latrodectus hasseltii Patel, 1973: 150, f. 5-6 (f)

Latrodectus mactans hasselti Chrysanthus, 1975: 38, f. 138-143 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans hasselti Nishikawa, 1976b: 186, f. 5-14 (mf)

Latrodectus hasselti Forster, 1995a: 13, f. 4 (removed mf from S of L. mactans)

Latrodectus hasselti Kim, Cho & Lee, 2003: 83, f. 17-19 (f)

Latrodectus hasselti Yoshida, 2003a: 45, f. 85-90, 555 (mf)

Latrodectus hasselti Snow, Abdel-Mesih & Andrade, 2006: 380, f. 1, 2a-b (mf)

Latrodectus hasseltii Vink et al., 2008: 600, f. 3K-O (mf)

Latrodectus hasselti Yoshida, 2009b: 363, f. 64-68 (mf)

Latrodectus hasselti Eberhard & Huber, 2010: 265, f. 12.14 (f)

Latrodectus hasselti Goyal & Malik, 2017: 441, f. 2a-d (f)

Latrodectus hasselti Akhtar et al., 2020: 113, f. 2A-D, 3E-F (f)

Latrodectus hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935 | | Canada, USA, Mexico. Introduced to Israel, Korea urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007811

Latrodectus mactans hesperus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935a: 15, f. 1, 4, 6-14, 21, 23-33 (Dmf; omitted by Roewer) Original description

Latrodectus mactans texanus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935a: 14, f. 3, 15-18 (Dmf; omitted by Roewer)

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1959c: 28 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus curacaviensis Bhatnagar & Rempel, 1962: 465, f. 1-69 (mf, misidentified)

Latrodectus variolus Levi, 1969: 72 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus hesperus Kaston, 1970: 39, f. 11a-h, 13e, f, h (removed mf from S, S)

Latrodectus ?hesperus Levy & Amitai, 1983: 53, f. 29-36 (mf)

Latrodectus ?hesperus Levy, 1998b: 104, f. 190-197 (f)

Latrodectus hesperus Desales-Lara, Jiménez & Corcuera, 2018: 6, f. 18-19 (m)

Latrodectus hesperus Choi et al., 2019: 143, f. 2A-D (f)

Latrodectus hesperus Jiménez, Palacios-Cardiel & Chávez-Lara, 2020: 16, f. 36-37 (m)

Latrodectus hesperus Cabrera-Espinosa & Valdez-Mondragón, 2021: 4, f. 11-13, 24-26, 34-37 (mf)

Latrodectus hesperus Collier et al., 2023: 112, f. 2A-C, 3A-D, 4A-B (f)

Latrodectus hurtadoi Rueda & Realpe, 2021 | | Colombia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:053607

Latrodectus hurtadoi Rueda & Realpe in Rueda et al., 2021: 262, f. 5A-E, 12A-H (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus hystrix Simon, 1890 | | Yemen (mainland, Socotra) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007812

Latrodectus hystrix Simon, 1890a: 99 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus hystrix F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 252, pl. 26, f. 2

Latrodectus hystrix Levi, 1959c: 42, f. 13-14, 29-30, 32 (f)

Latrodectus hystrix Knoflach & van Harten, 2002: 346, f. 4, 29-38 (f, Dm)

Latrodectus indistinctus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 | | Namibia, South Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007813

Latrodectus indistinctus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904b: 154, pl. 11, f. 1 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus indistinctus Smithers, 1944: 266, f. 1-9, 12-15, 20f (f, Dm)

Latrodectus indistinctus Lotz, 1994a: 33, f. 5, 7a-c, 8c-g (removed mf from S of L. mactans)

Latrodectus indistinctus Lotz, 1994b: 14, f. 5, 7a-c, 8c-g (mf)

Latrodectus indistinctus Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 42, p. 37: 1 f., p. 42: 5 f., p. 43: 2 f. (mf)

Latrodectus karrooensis Smithers, 1944 | | South Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007814

Latrodectus indistinctus karrooensis Smithers, 1944: 298, f. 16 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1959c: 28 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus karrooensis Lotz, 1994a: 39, f. 5, 9a-b, 10a-c (elevated mf from subspecies of L. indistinctus)

Latrodectus karrooensis Lotz, 1994b: 15, f. 5, 9a-b, 10a-c (mf)

Latrodectus karrooensis Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 44, 4 f. (mf)

Latrodectus katipo Powell, 1871 | | New Zealand urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007815

Latrodectus katipo Powell, 1871: 57, pl. 5, f. a-g (Dmf) Original description

Theridium melanozantha Urquhart, 1887: 102, pl. 8, f. 8 (Dmj)

Theridium zebrinia Urquhart, 1890c: 256 (Df)

Latrodectus katipo atritus Urquhart, 1890c: 259 (Df; omitted by Roewer) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007801]

Latrodectus katipo F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 255, pl. 27, f. 5

Latrodectus katipo Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1942: 10 (removed from S of L. hasselti)

Latrodectus hasseltii atritus Parrott, 1948: 162 (recognized as subspecies)

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1959c: 27 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus atritus Forster, 1995a: 23 (elevated from subspecies)

Latrodectus katipo Forster, 1995a: 22 (removed mf from S of L. mactans)

Latrodectus katipo Vink et al., 2008: 599, f. 3A-J (mf, S)

Latrodectus katipo Paquin, Vink & Dupérré, 2010: 62, f. 34.4-6 (mf)

Latrodectus lilianae Melic, 2000 | | Spain, Algeria? urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:037048

Latrodectus lilianae Melic, 2000a: 21, f. 4A, 6C, 7B-C, 8C, F-I, 9B-C, 11-13 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus lilianae Le Peru, 2011: 455, f. 743 (f)

Latrodectus lilianae Wunderlich, 2017b: 310, f. 20A, 21 (m)

Latrodectus mactans (Fabricius, 1775) | | Probably native to North America only. Introduced to South America, Asia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007816

Aranea mactans Fabricius, 1775: 432 (D) Original description

Aranea mactans Fabricius, 1793: 410 (D)

Latrodectus mactans Walckenaer, 1805: 82 (T from Aranea)

Meta schuchii C. L. Koch, 1836a: 10, f. 167 (Df; N.B.: see Schmidt, Piepho & Samm, 2001: 1 for comments on this taxon)

Latrodectus formidabilis Walckenaer, 1837: 647 (Df)

Latrodectus perfidus Walckenaer, 1837: 647 (Df)

Latrodectus mactans Walckenaer, 1837: 648 (Df)

Latrodectus intersector Walckenaer, 1837: 649 (Df)

Latrodectus schuchii C. L. Koch, 1837b: 7, pl. 1, f. 14 (f)

Tetragnatha zorilla Walckenaer, 1841: 221, pl. 19, f. 2 (Dm)

Latrodectus mactans C. L. Koch, 1841a: 115, f. 682 (f)

Theridion verecundum Hentz, 1850: 280, pl. 10, f. 1-2 (Dmf)

Theridion lineatum Hentz, 1850: 281, pl. 10, f. 3 (Dm; preoccupied)

Latrodectus malmignatus tropica van Hasselt, 1860: 62, pl. 5, f. 1-6 (Df)

Theridion carolinum Butler, 1877: 75, pl. 13, f. 3 (Df)

Theridion lineamentum McCook, 1879b: 203 (replacement name for Theridion lineatum Hentz)

Latrodectus mactans Keyserling, 1884a: 145, pl. 7, f. 91 (Dm)

Latrodectus mactans McCook, 1889: 274, f. 250-252 (mf)

Lathrodectus mactans Tullgren, 1901a: 6, pl. 1, f. 2 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Emerton, 1902: 123, f. 288, 291 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902a: 378, pl. 35, f. 19-20 (mf)

Latrodectus insularis Dahl, 1902a: 41 (Df)

Latrodectus insularis lunulifer Dahl, 1902a: 41 (Df)

Latrodectus sagittifer Dahl, 1902a: 42 (Df)

Latrodectus hahli Dahl, 1902a: 44 (Df)

Latrodectus luzonicus Dahl, 1902a: 44 (Df)

Latrodectus mactans F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 253, pl. 27, f. 2

Latrodectus mactans Carbonell, 1923a: 351, f. 2

Latrodectus mactans Petrunkevitch, 1925a: 103, f. 10 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Brazil & Vellard, 1926: 266, pl. 22, unnumbered fig. (f)

Latrodectus albomaculatus Franganillo, 1930: 11 (Dj)

Latrodectus mactans Petrunkevitch, 1930a: 172, f. 10-13 (mf)

Latrodectus agoyangyang Plantilla & Mabalay, 1935: 188, f. 1 (Dmf) [rather S of L. hasselti]

Latrodectus mactans Franganillo, 1936b: 81, f. 41-42 (m)

Latrodectus mactans albomaculatus Franganillo, 1936b: 81 (Df, reduced to subspecies)

Latrodectus mactans Franganillo, 1936c: 57, f. 24-25 (m)

Latrodectus mactans mexicanus Gonzalez, 1954: 455, f. 1 (Dmf)

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1959c: 24, f. 1, 5-7, 15, 19-21, 53-67, 72-79 (mf, S)

Latrodectus mactans Carcavallo, 1960: 91, f. 1, 5, 8 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Wiehle, 1960c: 466, f. 11a-c (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Levi & Levi, 1962: 59, f. 254 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1965c: 58, f. 1-7, 9, 12-16 (mf, in part, S)

Latrodectus mactans Wiehle, 1967c: 200, f. 14-16 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1967c: 185, f. 60-62 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Zumpt, 1968: 385, f. 3 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Kaston, 1970: 37, f. 2, 12, 13a-d, g, i, k (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Bücherl, 1972: 19, f. 10b (f)

Latrodectus mactans Canese, 1972b: 87, f. II, IV (f)

Latrodectus mactans Levi & Randolph, 1975: 39, f. 6-8 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Abalos, 1980: 31, f. 14-16 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Roth, 1982: 47-8, f. 6-8 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Roth, 1985: B43-7, f. 6-8 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Coddington, 1990: 17, f. 87 (m)

Latrodectus mactans Schmidt & Klaas, 1991: 9, f. 3 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Breene et al., 1993: 57, f. 23A-B, 24A-B (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Roth, 1994: 181, f. 7-8 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Barrion & Litsinger, 1995: 457, f. 276a-f (f)

Latrodectus mactans Kim, 1999b: 23, f. 13-15 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Kim, Cho & Lee, 2003: 83, f. 13-15 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Agnarsson, 2004: 569, f. 54D-E (m)

Latrodectus mactans Jäger, 2009: 35, f. 1-2 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Gómez-Rodríguez & Salazar, 2012: 3, f. I.9A-B (mf)

Latrodectus mactans Macas-Pogo & Astudillo, 2019: 61, f. 3-6 (f)

Latrodectus mactans Vanuytven, 2021: 27, 176, f. A.13d, B.166 (m)

Latrodectus mactans Cabrera-Espinosa & Valdez-Mondragón, 2021: 4, f. 8-10, 17, 21-23, 30-33 (mf)

Latrodectus menavodi Vinson, 1863 | | Madagascar, Comoros, Seychelles (Aldabra) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007817

Latrodectus menavodi Vinson, 1863: 306, pl. 8, f. 5 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus menavodi F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 255, pl. 27, f. 3

Latrodectus menavodi Lotz, 1998: 74, f. 1-8 (removed f from S of L. mactans, Dm)

Latrodectus menavodi Saaristo, 2010: 276, f. 37.155 (mf)

Latrodectus mirabilis (Holmberg, 1876) | | Brazil, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007818

Theridium mirabile Holmberg, 1876: 11 (D) Original description

Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1959c: 39, f. 69 (f, S, rejected)

Latrodectus mirabilis Abalos, 1980: 31, f. 1-13, 21 (mf, removed from S of L. mactans)

Latrodectus mirabilis Ott, Lopes Rodrigues & De Leao Marques, 2014: 314, f. 2A-F, 3A-D (mf)

Latrodectus obscurior Dahl, 1902 | | Cape Verde Is., Madagascar urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007819

Latrodectus obscurior Dahl, 1902a: 41 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus obscurior Schmidt, Geisthardt & Piepho, 1994: 92 (removed f from S of L. geometricus, contra Levi, 1959c: 21)

Latrodectus occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón, 2023 | | Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:059239

Latrodectus occidentalis Valdez-Mondragón in Valdez-Mondragón & Cabrera-Espinosa, 2023: 27, f. 13-18, 25-81 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus pallidus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872 | | Cape Verde Is. to Libya, South Africa, Turkey, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007820

Latrodectus pallidus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 287 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus pallidus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 253, pl. 26, f. 1

Latrodectus pallidus pavlovskii Charitonov, 1954: 481, f. 1-2 (Dmf)

Latrodectus pallidus pavlovskii Charitonov, 1955: 244, f. 5 (f)

Latrodectus pallidus Levi, 1959c: 38, f. 22-24, 31, 33-34 (f, S)

Latrodectus pallidus Levi, 1966a: 428, f. 5-7, 17-22 (mf)

Latrodectus pallidus Levy & Amitai, 1983: 47, f. 18-23 (mf)

Latrodectus pallidus pavlovskii Ergashev, 1990: 66, f. 32 (m)

Latrodectus pallidus Lotz, 1994a: 43, f. 11a-e (mf)

Latrodectus pallidus Levy, 1998b: 100, f. 183-188 (f)

Latrodectus pallidus Knoflach & van Harten, 2002: 351, f. 6a-b, pl. 54 (f)

Latrodectus pallidus Kakhki, 2005: 54, f. 3A-E (mf)

Latrodectus pallidus Le Peru, 2011: 456, f. 744 (f)

Latrodectus pallidus Zamani et al., 2014: 60, f. 2C, 3C, 4E (mf)

Latrodectus pallidus Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2022m: 21, f. 1-12 (mf)

Latrodectus pallidus Souri et al., 2024: 101, f. 1E-F, 2G-I (f)

Latrodectus pallidus Seropian et al., 2024: 110, f. 37-42 (mf)

Latrodectus quartus Abalos, 1980 | | Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007821

Latrodectus quartus Abalos, 1980: 41, f. 20, 22-23, 38-44 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus renivulvatus Dahl, 1902 | | Africa, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, Iraq urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007822

Latrodectus renivulvatus Dahl, 1902a: 45 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus incertus Lawrence, 1927: 30, pl. 1, f. 19, pl. 4, f. 78-79 (Df)

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1959c: 27 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus renivulvatus Lotz, 1994a: 46, f. 5, 12a-c, 13a-c (removed f from S of L. mactans, Dm, S)

Latrodectus renivulvatus Lotz, 1994b: 16, f. 5, 11a-c, 12a-c (mf)

Latrodectus renivulvatus Knoflach & van Harten, 2002: 353, f. 7-8, 39-46 (mf)

Latrodectus renivulvatus Knoflach, 2002b: 169, f. 4b (f)

Latrodectus renivulvatus Knoflach, 2004: 184, f. 24a (f)

Latrodectus hasselti Al-Hadlak & Najim, 2015: 94, f. 1-5, pl. 1-2 (f; misidentified after Zamani & El-Hennawy, 2016: 17)

Latrodectus renivulvatus Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 45, p. 45: 4 f., p. 46: 5 f. (mf habitus)

Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948 | | Israel, Iran, Canary Is.? urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007823

Latrodectus revivensis Shulov, 1948: 209, f. 1-11 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1959c: 28 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus revivensis Levi, 1966a: 428, f. 8-11, 23-27 (mf, removed from S of L. mactans)

Latrodectus revivensis Levy & Amitai, 1983: 51, f. 24-28 (mf)

Latrodectus revivensis Levy, 1998b: 97, f. 178-182 (f)

Latrodectus revivensis Berendonck & Greven, 2002: 158, f. 1-19 (mf)

Latrodectus revivensis Berendonck & Greven, 2005: 119, f. 1-15 (f)

Latrodectus revivensis Souri et al., 2024: 101, f. 2A-C, 3A-D (f)

Latrodectus rhodesiensis Mackay, 1973 | | Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007824

Latrodectus rhodesiensis Mackay, 1973: 239, f. 1-8 (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus rhodesiensis Lotz, 1994a: 23, f. 2b-d, 3a-d, 8b (mf)

Latrodectus rhodesiensis Lotz, 1994b: 12, f. 2b-d, 3a-d, 8b (mf)

Latrodectus rhodesiensis Wunderlich, 2008b: 201, f. 46 (m)

Latrodectus rhodesiensis Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 47, 7 f. (mf)

Latrodectus thoracicus Nicolet, 1849 | | Chile urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:043246

Latrodectus thoracicus Nicolet, 1849: 462 (Dj) Original description

Latrodectus formidabilis Nicolet, 1849: 460, pl. 4, f. 10 (f, misidentified)

Latrodectus thoracicus Aguilera, D'Elía & Casanueva, 2009: 163, f. 2a-f, 3a-e, 4a-f (removed f from S of L. mactans, Dm)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus (Rossi, 1790) | | Mediterranean, Ukraine, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia), Kazakhstan, Middle East, Iran, Central Asia, China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007826

Aranea brevipes Martini & Goeze, 1778: 286 (D; suppressed for lack of usage, see Bonnet)

Aranea 13-guttata Rossi, 1790: 136, pl. 9, f. 10 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus 13decimguttatus Walckenaer, 1805: 81

Theridion tredecim-guttatum Latreille, 1806: 98

Theridion lugubre Dufour, 1820a: 355, pl. 69, f. 1 (Df)

Latrodectus argus Audouin, 1826: 353, pl. 3, f. 10 (Df)

Latrodectus erebus Audouin, 1826: 352, pl. 3, f. 9 (Df)

Meta hispida C. L. Koch, 1836a: 9, f. 166 (Df)

Latrodectus 5-guttatus Krynicki, 1837: 75, pl. 6, f. 1 (Df)

Latrodectus malmignatus Walckenaer, 1837: 642 (Dmf)

Latrodectus martius Walckenaer, 1837: 644 (Dm)

Latrodectus oculatus Walckenaer, 1837: 645 (Df)

Latrodectus venator Walckenaer, 1837: 646 (Df)

Latrodectus 13-guttatus C. L. Koch, 1837a: 39, f. 273 (f)

Latrodectus conglobatus C. L. Koch, 1837a: 41, f. 274 (Df)

Latrodectus hispidus C. L. Koch, 1837b: 7

Latrodectus argus Lucas, 1838: 35, pl. 6, f. 6 (Dm)

Latrodectus lugubris Motschulsky, 1849: 290, pl. 2, f. 3-4 (Df)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Simon, 1873a: 86

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus lugubris Thorell, 1875b: 69

Latrodectus 13-guttatus Thorell, 1875c: 65

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Simon, 1881a: 177, pl. 26, f. 12 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Simon, 1894a: 568, f. 491-492, 576 (m)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Dahl, 1902a: 45, f. 1-3 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1902c: 254, pl. 26, f. 3

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Berland, 1932b: 274, f. 415 (m)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Gerhardt, 1944: 16, f. 13 (m)

Latrodectus mactans Levi, 1959c: 24 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Vintila et al., 1963: 231, f. 1 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1965c: 57, f. 17 (f)

Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus Fuhn, 1966: 77, f. 3-4 (mf)

Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus Levi, 1966a: 428, f. 1-4, 12-16 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Brignoli, 1967e: 184, f. 4 (f)

Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus Tystshenko & Ergashev, 1974: 934, f. 6-8 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Levy & Amitai, 1983: 46, f. 1-17 (mf, elevated from subspecies of L. mactans)

Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus Brignoli, 1984b: 293, f. 15-16 (f)

Latrodectus mactans tredecimguttatus Ergashev, 1990: 66, f. 31.6-8 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Schmidt & Klaas, 1991: 9, f. 2 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Lotz, 1994a: 52, f. 14, 15a-d, 16a-c (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Mcheidze, 1997: 180, f. 353-355 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Zhu, 1998: 293, f. 198A-E (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Levy, 1998b: 90, f. 161-177 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 123, f. 63J-M (mf)

Latrodectus teredecimguttatus Darvish & Mirshamsi, 1999: 5, f. 4a-c, 6a-d, 7 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Kim, 1999b: 22, f. 8-12 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Melic, 2000a: 15, f. 1-2, 4B, 6A-B, 7A, 8A-B, D-E, 9A (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Kim, Cho & Lee, 2003: 82, f. 8-12 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Trotta, 2005: 175, f. 445-446 (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Kakhki, 2005: 54, f. 2A-E (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Le Peru, 2011: 456, f. 745 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Zamani et al., 2014: 60, f. 2B, 3B, 4C (mf)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Anikin & Kuzmin, 2016: 220, f. 1a-b (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Nadolny, 2019: 867, f. 1.1-15, 2.1-3 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Vanuytven, 2021: 178, f. B.169a-c (m)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus El-Hennawy, Al-Saraireh & Afifeh, 2022: 519, f. 1-11 (f)

Latrodectus tredecimguttatus Souri et al., 2024: 104, f. 1G-H, 2J-L (f)

Latrodectus umbukwane B. M. O. G. Wright, C. D. Wright, Lyle & Engelbrecht, 2019 | | South Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:051514

Latrodectus umbukwane B. M. O. G. Wright, C. D. Wright, Lyle & Engelbrecht in Wright et al., 2019: 586, f. 1A-C, 3A-E, 4A-B, 5A-B, 6A-F, 7B-D (Dmf) Original description

Latrodectus umbukwane Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021z: 48, 3 f. (f habitus)

Latrodectus variegatus Nicolet, 1849 | | Chile, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007827

Latrodectus variegatus Nicolet, 1849: 461, pl. 4, f. 9 (Df) Original description

Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1959c: 38 (S, rejected)

Latrodectus variegatus Abalos, 1980: 47, f. 57-64 (mf, removed from S of L. mactans)

Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer, 1837 | | USA, Canada urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:007828

Latrodectus variolus Walckenaer, 1837: 648 (Df) [not m, see McCrone & Levi, 1964: 13] Original description

Latrodectus curacaviensis Levi, 1959c: 38, f. 2-4, 16-18, 35-36, 52, 70-71 (mf, in part)

Latrodectus variolus McCrone & Levi, 1964: 13, f. 3, 8-13 (mf, removed from S of L. mactans)

Latrodectus variolus Kaston, 1970: 38, f. 14a-b, f (mf)