World Spider Catalog

Linyphiidae Blackwall, 1859

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: for comments on relationships, see Michalik & Hormiga, 2010: 7; re-synonymization of Pimoidae (Murphy & Roberts, 2015: ix) not sufficiently justified and is not accepted here; Sinopimoidae Li & Wunderlich, 2008 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spiderfam:0112] synonymyized with Linyphiidae by Dimitrov et al., 2017: 245; resurrection of Sinopimoidae by Wunderlich, 2020b: 20 is not accepted here, because Dimitrov et al., 2017 was not taken into account; re-elevation of Sinopimoidae to family level by Eskov & Marusik, 2023: 343 not accepted here (by majority vote of the WSC boards); the current status of Sinopimoidae is also maintained for reasons of stability and we wait for a probable confirmation or rejection of this resurrection; other subfamilies are Erigoninae Emerton, 1882: 7 and Mynogleninae Lehtinen, 1967: 250.

In synonymy:

Arctilaira Chamberlin, 1921 = Hilaira Simon, 1884 (Holm, 1960b: 119)

Soudinus Crosby & Bishop, 1936 = Hilaira Simon, 1884 (Marusik et al., 1993a: 68)

Utopiellum Strand, 1901 = Hilaira Simon, 1884 (Holm, 1945b: 28)

Gen. Hilaira Simon, 1884 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:01010

N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Utopiellum Strand, 1901b: 31 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05241] (type Erigone mirabilis L. Koch, 1879 = Hilaira herniosa (Thorell, 1875)) by Holm, 1945b: 28, of Arctilaira Chamberlin, 1921c: 39 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05242] (type A. bellans Chamberlin, 1921 = Hilaira vexatrix (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877)) by Holm, 1960b: 119, and of Soudinus Crosby & Bishop, 1936b: 59 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05240] (type Gongylidium canaliculatum Emerton, 1915) by Marusik et al., 1993a: 68; not a junior synonym of Leptothrix Menge, 1869 (Merrett, Locket & Millidge, 1985: 397, contra Millidge, 1977); not a senior synonym of Oreoneta Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1894 (Saaristo & Marusik, 2004a: 208, not accepted by Breitling, 2021: 21).

Transferred to other genera:

Hilaira algida Hackman, 1954 -- see Sougambus

Hilaira alpina Eskov, 1987 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira balia Crosby & Bishop, 1929 -- see Neomaso

Hilaira carli Lessert, 1907 -- see Sciastes

Hilaira corneliae (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1944) -- see Disembolus

Hilaira dubia Hackman, 1954 -- see Sciastes

Hilaira frigida (Thorell, 1872) -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira frigida brunnea (Emerton, 1882) -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira frigida intercepta (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873) -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira holmi Eskov, 1981 -- see Drepanotylus

Hilaira leviceps (L. Koch, 1879) -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira mentasta (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1947) -- see Sciastes

Hilaira modesta (Thorell, 1872) -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira mongolica Wunderlich, 1995 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira montigena (L. Koch, 1872) -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira montigena arctica Holm, 1960 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira plagiata Tullgren, 1901 -- see Laminacauda

Hilaira punctata Tullgren, 1955 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira sinuosa Tullgren, 1955 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira tatrica Kulczyński, 1915 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira tatrica garrina Chamberlin, 1949 -- see Oreoneta

Hilaira uncata (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873) -- see Drepanotylus

In synonymy:

Hilaira aquilonia (Hackman, 1954, T from Sciastes) = Hilaira canaliculata Emerton, 1915 (Aitchison-Benell & Dondale, 1990: 224, sub Soudinus)

Hilaira bellans (Chamberlin, 1921, T from Arctilaira) = Hilaira vexatrix O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877 (Holm, 1960b: 119)

Hilaira glacialis thienemanni Schenkel, 1939 = Hilaira pervicax Hull, 1908 (Holm, 1945b: 29)

Hilaira mirabilis (L. Koch, 1879, removed from S of H. consimilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1875) = Hilaira herniosa Thorell, 1875 (Holm, 1945b: 28)

Hilaira monedula Saito, 1986 = Hilaira herniosa Thorell, 1875 (Eskov, 1987a: 1030)

Hilaira ruderalis (Sørensen, 1898, T from Araeoncus) = Hilaira vexatrix O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877 (Holm, 1956: 464, contra Brændegaard, 1946: 39)

Hilaira ryabukhini Eskov & Marusik, 1991 = Hilaira canaliculata Emerton, 1915 (Marusik et al., 1993a: 68)

Hilaira zaicewi Kulczyński, 1916 = Hilaira proletaria L. Koch, 1879 (Holm, 1973: 85)

Nomen dubium:

Hilaira consimilis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1875b: 192, pl. 27, f. 2, m, Europe, originally in Erigone) -- Holm, 1945b: 28

Hilaira asiatica Eskov, 1987 | | Russia (Middle Siberia to Far North-East) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010802

Hilaira asiatica Eskov, 1987a: 1022, f. 2.1-4 (Dmf) Original description

Hilaira banini Marusik & Tanasevitch, 2003 | | Mongolia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:038550

Hilaira banini Marusik & Tanasevitch, 2003: 162, f. 16-17, 22-25 (Dmf) Original description

Hilaira canaliculata (Emerton, 1915) | | Russia (Far North-East to Kurile Is.), Canada, USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010803

Gongylidium canaliculatum Emerton, 1915b: 151, pl. 2, f. 6 (Dmf) Original description

Soudinus canaliculatus Crosby & Bishop, 1936b: 59, pl. 5, f. 17-20 (mf)

Hilaira aquilonia Hackman, 1954: 27, f. 93, 97-99, 101 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056678]

Sciastes aquilonia Eskov, 1981b: 1487 (T from Hilaira)

Soudinus canaliculatus Aitchison-Benell & Dondale, 1990: 224 (mf, T from Hilaira, S of Sciastes aquilonia)

Hilaira ryabukhini Eskov & Marusik, 1991: 244, f. 41-45 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056684]

Hilaira canalicata Marusik et al., 1993a: 68 (S of Hilaira ryabukhini)

Hilaira canaliculata Marusik & Koponen, 2002: 161, f. 5-11, 17-22 (mf)

Hilaira canaliculata Paquin & Dupérré, 2003: 110, f. 1114-1116 (mf)

Hilaira dapaensis Wunderlich, 1983 | | Nepal urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010804

Hilaira dapaensis Wunderlich, 1983a: 232, f. 27-31 (Dmf) Original description

“Hilaira” dapaensis Tanasevitch, 2021b: 114 (unclear generic affiliation)

Hilaira devitata Eskov, 1987 | | Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010805

Hilaira devitata Eskov, 1987a: 1023, f. 3.1-5 (Dmf) Original description

Hilaira excisa (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871) | | Europe urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010806

Neriene excisa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871a: 440, pl. 56, f. 29 (Dm) Original description

Hilaira excisa Simon, 1884a: 375, f. 150-152 (m, Df)

Hilaira excisa Simon, 1894a: 701, f. 759 (m)

Hilaira excisa Hull, 1908: 115, pl. 5, f. 2b, 3b (mf)

Hilaira excisa Miller, 1936a: 186, f. 10 (m)

Hilaira excisa Locket & Millidge, 1953: 321, f. 195A-B, E, 196E (mf)

Hilaira excisa Tullgren, 1955: 386, f. 87 (f)

Hilaira excisa Wiehle, 1956: 25, f. 32-35 (mf)

Hilaira excisa Merrett, 1963b: 387, f. 47A-B (m)

Hilaira excisa Tystshenko, 1971: 214, f. 649 (f)

Hilaira excisa Miller, 1971: 236, pl. XLVI, f. 20-22 (mf)

Hilaira excisa Millidge, 1977: 8, f. 14 (m)

Hilaira excisa Roberts, 1987: 107, f. 51a, 52a (mf)

Hilaira excisa Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 170, f. 457 (mf)

Hilaira excisa Hormiga, 2000: 41, f. 14A-I, pl. 33A-F, 34A-F (mf)

Hilaira excisa Saaristo & Marusik, 2004a: 209, f. 2A-B, 5A-B, 6B, 7-12 (mf)

Hilaira excisa Breitling, 2020: 347, f. 18B (m)

Hilaira excisa Marusik & Nekhaeva, 2020a: 135, f. 1G (m prosoma)

Hilaira gertschi Holm, 1960 | | Russia (north-east Siberia, Wrangel Is.), USA (Alaska) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010810

Hilaira vexatrix gertschi Holm, 1960b: 120, f. 23-25 (Dmf) Original description

Hilaira gertschi Eskov, 1981b: 1487 (elevated from subspecies)

Hilaira gibbosa Tanasevitch, 1982 | | Russia (Europe to Far East), Mongolia, Canada urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010811

Hilaira gibbosa Tanasevitch, 1982: 1505, pl. 1, f. 5-7, pl. 3, f. 5-7, pl. 4, f. 1-4 (Dmf) Original description

Hilaira gibbosa Wunderlich, 1995e: 497, f. 73-76 (mf)

Hilaira gibbosa Tanasevitch, 2013c: 286, f. 84-85 (f)

Hilaira glacialis (Thorell, 1871) | | Norway (Svalbard), Russia (Europe to Far East) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010812

Erigone glacialis Thorell, 1871b: 694 (Df) Original description

Hilaira glacialis Kulczyński, 1902b: 345, pl. 7, f. 13-14 (f)

Hilaira glacialis Simon, 1907b: 505 (Dm)

Hilaira glacialis Holm, 1937: 6, f. 3b, e, h (m)

Hilaira glacialis Holm, 1939a: 73, f. 2 (mf)

Hilaira glacialis Brændegaard, 1946: 39 (S, rejected)

Hilaira glacialis Holm, 1956: 464, f. 5a-f (f)

Hilaira glacialis Marusik & Tanasevitch, 2003: 164, f. 20-21, 30-32 (mf)

Hilaira herniosa (Thorell, 1875) | | North America, Switzerland, Turkey, Scandinavia, Russia (Europe to Far East), Mongolia, Japan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010813

Erigone herniosa Thorell, 1875a: 87 (Df) Original description

Erigone herniosa Thorell, 1875c: 32 (Df)

Erigone mirabilis L. Koch, 1879c: 49, pl. 2, f. 4 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056681]

Utopiellum mirabile Strand, 1901b: 31

Hilaira mirabilis Kulczyński, 1916: 13, pl. 1, f. 18 (f)

Gongylidium curvitarsis Emerton, 1917: 262, f. 14 (Dmf)

Hilaira curvitarsis Emerton, 1920: 316

Utopiellum curvitarse Chamberlin, 1921c: 40

Utopiellum mirabile Bishop & Crosby, 1935c: 236, pl. 20, f. 38-41 (mf)

Hilaira herniosa Holm, 1945b: 28 (removed from S of Oreonetides vaginatus, S of Hilaira mirabilis)

Hilaira herniosa Vogelsanger, 1948: 38, f. 2-3 (mf)

Hilaira herniosa Tullgren, 1955: 385, f. 86a-c (mf)

Hilaira herniosa Staręga, 1974: 19, f. 1-3, photo 1 (f)

Hilaira herniosa Palmgren, 1975: 91, f. 22.20-21 (mf)

Hilaira herniosa Millidge, 1977: 8, f. 13 (m)

Hilaira herniosa Pakhorukov & Utochkin, 1977b: 907, f. 3-4 (mf)

Hilaira monedula Saito, 1986: 21, f. 32-35 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056682]

Hilaira herniosa Eskov, 1987a: 1029, f. 6.6-8 (mf, S of Hilaira monedula)

Hilaira herniosa Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 170, f. 458 (mf)

Hilaira herniosa Paquin & Dupérré, 2003: 111, f. 1120-1122 (mf)

Hilaira herniosa Ono, Matsuda & Saito, 2009: 306, f. 669-672 (mf)

Hilaira herniosa Marusik, 2015: 688, f. 1E, 12D-E (f)

Hilaira hyperborea Kulczyński, 1908 | | Russia (Middle Siberia) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:012535

Hilaira hyperborea Kulczyński, 1908b: 33, pl. 2, f. 41-42 (Df) Original description

Sciastes hyperboreus Eskov, 1987a: 1029 (Tf from Hilaira)

Hilaira hyperborea Tanasevitch & Nekhaeva, 2016: 316 (T from Sciastes)

Hilaira incondita (L. Koch, 1879) | | Russia (Europe to Far North-East), Canada urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010814

Erigone incondita L. Koch, 1879c: 66, pl. 2, f. 17 (Df) Original description

Hilaira incondita Kulczyński, 1908b: 29, pl. 2, f. 50-51, 61-62 (f, Dm)

Hilaira incondita Kulczyński, 1916: 13, pl. 1, f. 15 (f)

Hilaira incondita Marusik & Nekhaeva, 2020a: 134, f. 1A-C, 2A-I, 4A-I (mf)

Hilaira jamalensis Eskov, 1981 | | Russia (Europe to north-eastern Siberia) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010815

Hilaira jamalensis Eskov, 1981b: 1488, pl. 2, f. 1-4 (Dmf) Original description

Hilaira jamalensis Marusik & Tanasevitch, 2003: 164, f. 18-19, 26-29 (mf)

Hilaira marusiki Eskov, 1987 | | Russia (north-eastern Siberia), Mongolia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010817

Hilaira marusiki Eskov, 1987a: 1023, f. 4.1-4 (Dmf) Original description

Hilaira meridionalis Tanasevitch, 2013 | | Russia (South Siberia) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:046228

Hilaira meridionalis Tanasevitch, 2013c: 286, f. 78-81 (Df) Original description

Hilaira minuta Eskov, 1979 | | Russia (West Siberia to Far East), Mongolia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010818

Hilaira minuta Eskov, 1979: 67, f. 6-10, 17-18 (Dmf) Original description

Hilaira minuta Tanasevitch, 2013c: 286, f. 82-83 (f)

Hilaira nivalis Holm, 1937 | | Russia (Urals to north-eastern Siberia) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010821

Erigone vexatrix L. Koch, 1879c: 45, pl. 2, f. 2-2e (mf; misidentified per Holm, 1937: 8)

Gongylidium venator Simon, 1884a: 499 (lapsus)

Hilaira glacialis Kulczyński, 1908b: 25, pl. 2, f. 45, 48-49 (mf; misidentified per Holm, 1937: 8)

Hilaira glacialis Kulczyński, 1916: 13, pl. 1, f. 23 (f; misidentified per Holm, 1937: 8)

Hilaira nivalis Holm, 1937: 8, f. 3c, f, i (Dmf) Original description

Hilaira nubigena Hull, 1911 | | Britain, Poland, Scandinavia, Russia (Europe to Far North-East), USA (Alaska) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010822

Hilaira nubigena Hull, 1911b: 52, pl. 2, f. 1, 4-7, 13 (Dmf) Original description

Utopiellum nubigena Hull, 1933: 109

Hilaira nubigena Locket & Millidge, 1953: 323, f. 195D, F, 196A-B, F (mf)

Hilaira nubigena Tullgren, 1955: 385, f. 85a-c (f)

Hilaira nubigena Palmgren, 1975: 92, f. 23.1-2 (mf)

Hilaira nubigena Millidge, 1977: 8, f. 15, 20 (m)

Hilaira nubigena Roberts, 1987: 107, f. 51c, 52d (mf)

Hilaira nubigena Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 168, f. 454 (mf)

Hilaira pelikena Eskov, 1987 | | Russia (Far East) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010823

Hilaira pelikena Eskov, 1987a: 1026, f. 5.1-4 (Dm) Original description

Hilaira pelikena Marusik & Koponen, 2002: 161, f. 12-16 (mf)

Hilaira pervicax Hull, 1908 | | Ireland, Britain, Scandinavia, Russia (Europe to north-eastern Siberia) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010824

Hilaira pervicax Hull, 1908: 112, pl. 5, f. 1, 2a, 3a, 4 (Dm) Original description

Hilaira pervicax Locket & Millidge, 1953: 325, f. 195G, 196C-D, G (mf)

Hilaira pervicax Hull, 1909: 449, pl. 12, f. 1-3 (f)

Hilaira pervicax Tullgren, 1955: 384, f. 84a-b (mf)

Hilaira pervicax Hull in O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1909a: 173, pl. A, f. 16-19 (m)

Hilaira pervicax Palmgren, 1975: 92, f. 22.22-23 (mf)

Hilaira pervicax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1910: 103, pl. A, f. 4 (Df)

Hilaira pervicax Millidge, 1977: 8, f. 16, 187 (m)

Hilaira glacialis thienemanni Schenkel, 1939: 107, f. 5 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056680]

Hilaira pervicax Roberts, 1987: 107, f. 51d, 52b (mf)

Hilaira pervicax Holm, 1945b: 29 (S of Hilaira glacialis thienemanni)

Hilaira pervicax Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 168, f. 455 (mf)

Hilaira proletaria (L. Koch, 1879) | | Russia (Europe to Far North-East), USA (Alaska), Canada urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010825

Linyphia proletaria L. Koch, 1879c: 23, pl. 1, f. 10 (Df) Original description

Hilaira zaicewii Kulczyński, 1916: 14, pl. 1, f. 16-17, 19-22 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056685]

Hilaira proletaria Holm, 1973: 85, f. 36-37 (mf, T from Linyphia, S of Hilaira zaicewi)

Hilaira proletaria Marusik & Nekhaeva, 2020a: 135, f. 1D-F, 3A-H, 5A-F, 6A-E (mf)

Hilaira sibirica Eskov, 1987 | | Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East), Mongolia, Canada urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010826

Hilaira sibirica Eskov, 1987a: 1026, f. 6.1-5 (Dmf) Original description

Hilaira syrojeczkovskii Eskov, 1981 | | Russia (Middle Siberia to Far East) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010827

Hilaira syrojeczkovskii Eskov, 1981b: 1491, pl. 2, f. 5-7 (Dmf) Original description

Hilaira tuberculifera Sha & Zhu, 1995 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010830

Hilaira tuberculifera Sha & Zhu, 1995: 284, f. 16-20 (Dmf) Original description

Hilaira tuberculifera Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 171, f. 98E-F, I-J (mf)

Hilaira vexatrix (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877) | | Russia (north-eastern Siberia, Far North-East), North America, Greenland urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:010831

Erigone vexatrix O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877d: 280, pl. 8, f. 6 (Df) Original description

Porrhomma venator Simon, 1884a: 372 (lapsus)

Erigone frigida Lenz, 1897: 74, f. 4 (f, misidentified)

Araeoncus ruderalis Sørensen, 1898: 210 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056683]

Notioscopus curvitarsis Sørensen, 1898: 211 (Dmf)

Arctilaira bellans Chamberlin, 1921c: 40 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056679]

Hilaira whymperi Jackson, 1933: 152, pl. 2, f. 2, 4 (Dmf)

Hilaira glacialis Jackson, 1933: 152, pl. 2, f. 1, 5-6 (mf, misidentified)

Hilaira vexatrix Brændegaard, 1940: 12, f. 7-9 (mf)

Hilaira curvitarsis Brændegaard, 1946: 38 (S, removed from S of H. v., rejected)

Hilaira vexatrix Holm, 1956: 464, f. 5g-m (f, S of Araeoncus ruderalis, confirmed S of H. curvitarsis)

Hilaira vexatrix Holm, 1960b: 119, f. 20-22 (mf, S of Arctilaira bellans)

Hilaira vexatrix Leech, 1966: 184, f. 45-46 (mf)

Hilaira vexatrix Hormiga, 2000: 41, f. 14J-N, pl. 35A-F, 36A-F, 37A-F (mf)

Hilaira vexatrix Schmidt & Weller, 2008: 173, f. 6 (f)

Hilaira vexatrix Marusik, 2015: 688, f. 12A-C (mf)