World Spider Catalog

Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: the names Gnaphosae and Gnaphosi were used firstly at tribe level by Banks, 1892d: 92, 94 and thus Banks, 1892 is the valid authorship and year for the family, not Pocock, 1898c: 219; for the family name Drassidae Sundevall, 1833 see Simon, 1893a: 340 and Bonnet, 1956: 1554. Family relimited by Platnick, 1990a: 35 and Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612; most genera listed by Brignoli, 1983c under Micariinae are treated here under Corinnidae and Phrurolithidae. Prodidomidae revalidated by Platnick, 1990a: 36 to include the former Prodidominae, Molycriinae and Anagraphidinae; Anagraphidinae transferred from Prodidomidae to Gnaphosidae by Platnick & Baehr, 2006: 5; Prodidomidae downgraded to subfamily of Gnaphosidae by Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 613 (synonyms: Molycriinae Simon, 1897 and Theuminae Simon, 1893), redefined by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 694 and elevated to familiy rank again by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12 (without Molycriinae); Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612 distinguish several well definded clades within Gnaphosidae (Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, Zelotinae Platnick, 1990, Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, Drassodinae Simon, 1893, Prodidominae Simon, 1884 and Leptodrassinae Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018) and state three monogeneric subfamilies, Anagraphidinae Simon, 1893 (type genus Anagraphis), Echeminae Simon, 1893 (type genus Echemus) and Micariinae Banks, 1892 (type genus Micaria), which do not perform a grouping function; Micaria Westring 1851, Nauhea Forster, 1979 and Verita Ramirez & Grismado, 2015 (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, and many genera are not assigned to a subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships (Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 614); the subfamily Molycriinae Simon, 1897 is re-established by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 682 (includes Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra); Lin & Li, 2020e: 313 described the new subfamily Solitudinae, with the single genus Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020; Micariidae is regarded as a separate family (sister to Cithaeronidae) by Breitling, 2021: 19, but without listing the genera, which should belong to it, and it is also not accepted because it is based mainly on COI, see FAQ 7; Ammoxenidae (Ammoxenus, Austrammo, Barrowammo, Rastellus) are synonymized with Gnaphosidae by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 520, f. 19.

In synonymy:

Sostogeus Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1940 = Sosticus Chamberlin, 1922 (Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 9)

Gen. Sosticus Chamberlin, 1922 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02482

N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Sostogeus Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1940: 1 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05695] (type S. zygethus Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1940 = Sosticus loricatus (L. Koch, 1866)) by Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 9.

Transferred to other genera:

Sosticus dherikanalensis Gajbe, 1979 -- see Sphingius

Sosticus jabalpurensis Bhandari & Gajbe, 2001 -- see Sphingius

Sosticus nainitalensis Gajbe, 1979 -- see Sphingius

Sosticus pawani Gajbe, 1993 -- see Xizangiana

Sosticus poonaensis Tikader, 1982 -- see Sphingius

Sosticus solanensis Gajbe, 1979 -- see Sphingius

Sosticus sundargarhensis Gajbe, 1979 -- see Sphingius

In synonymy:

Sosticus continentalis Chamberlin, 1922 = Sosticus insularis Banks, 1895 (Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 7)

Sosticus corcyraeus (Simon, 1885, T from Drassus) = Sosticus loricatus L. Koch, 1866 (Simon, 1914: 211, sub Scotophaeus)

Sosticus loricatus longipes (Kroneberg, 1875, T from Drassus) = Sosticus loricatus L. Koch, 1866 (Bonnet, 1958: 3968, sub Scotophaeus)

Sosticus navaricus (Simon, 1878, T from Drassus) = Sosticus loricatus L. Koch, 1866 (Simon, 1914: 211, sub Scotophaeus)

Sosticus projectus Fox, 1938 = Sosticus insularis Banks, 1895 (Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 7)

Sosticus rufus (Denis, 1958, T from Gnaphosa) = Sosticus loricatus L. Koch, 1866 (Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992: 4)

Sosticus zygethus (Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1940) = Sosticus loricatus L. Koch, 1866 (Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 7, sub Sostogeus)

Sosticus californicus Platnick & Shadab, 1976 | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027970

Sosticus californicus Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 12, f. 27-30 (Dmf) Original description

Sosticus insularis (Banks, 1895) | | Canada, USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027972

Prosthesima insularis Banks, 1895d: 78 (Df) Original description

Herpyllus insularis Banks, 1910: 8

Sosticus insularis Chamberlin, 1922: 160

Sosticus continentalis Chamberlin, 1922: 160 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:060577]

Sosticus projectus Fox, 1938a: 236, pl. 1, f. 3, 5 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:060578]

Sosticus insularis Kaston, 1948: 364, f. 1266-1268 (mf)

Sosticus insularis Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 7 (S of Sosticus continentalis and S. projectus)

Sosticus insularis Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 11, f. 19-26 (mf)

Sosticus insularis Heiss & Allen, 1986: 53, f. 87-88 (mf)

Sosticus insularis Platnick & Dondale, 1992: 199, f. 297-300 (mf)

Sosticus insularis Paquin & Dupérré, 2003: 81, f. 718-720 (mf)

Sosticus insularis Murphy, 2007: 50, f. 376-377 (mf)

Sosticus insularis Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018a: 678, f. 1B, 9B (mf)

Sosticus insularis Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 609, f. 23d, S6h (m)

Sosticus loricatus (L. Koch, 1866) | | North America, Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027973

Drassus loricatus L. Koch, 1866: 131, pl. 5, f. 82-84 (Dmf) Original description

Drassus loricatus longipes Kroneberg, 1875: 20 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:060681]

Drassus navaricus Simon, 1878f: 159 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:060682]

Drassus corcyraeus Simon, 1885c: 340 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:060683]

Scotophaeus loricatus Simon, 1893a: 371 (T from Drassus)

Drassus loricatus Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1897: 215, pl. 8, f. 36, 52 (mf)

Drassus loricatus Bösenberg, 1902: 301, pl. 28, f. 445 (f)

Scotophaeus loricatus Strand, 1907k: 119 (m)

Scotophaeus loricatus Simon, 1914: 145, 211, f. 258 (f, S of Drassus corcyraeus and D. navaricus; S of D. c. with ?, accepted by Roewer, 1955c: 434, but not by Bonnet, 1958: 3968)

Scotophaeus loricatus Reimoser, 1937a: 21, f. 47-48 (mf)

Sostogeus zygethus Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1940: 1, f. 1-4 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:060580]

Scotophaeus loricatus Palmgren, 1943: 98, f

Scotophaeus loricatus Levi & Field, 1954: 458, f. 71, 77 (mf)

Scotophaeus loricatus Bonnet, 1958: 3968 (S of Drassus loricatus longipes; accepted by Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 13 and Mikhailov, 1997c: 181)

Gnaphosa rufa Denis, 1958b: 95, f. 21 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:060579]

Scotophaeus loricatus Miller, 1971: 94, pl. VI, f. 20-21 (mf)

Sostogeus loricatus Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 7 (T from Scotophaeus, S of Sostogeus zygethus)

Sosticus loricatus Platnick & Shadab, 1976b: 13, f. 31-38 (mf)

Sostogeus loricatus Kaston, 1977: 45, f. 36, 40-41 (mf)

Sosticus loricatus Grimm, 1985: 183, f. 213-216 (mf)

Sosticus loricatus Hu & Wu, 1989: 281, f. 227.1-4 (mf)

Sosticus loricatus Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 440, f. 1157 (mf)

Sosticus loricatus Platnick & Dondale, 1992: 201, f. 301-304 (mf)

Sosticus loricatus Ovtsharenko, Platnick & Song, 1992: 4 (S of Gnaphosa rufa)

Sosticus loricatus Tuneva & Esyunin, 2002: 222, f. 25-29 (mf)

Sosticus loricatus Paquin & Dupérré, 2003: 81, f. 721-723 (mf)

Sosticus loricatus Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004: 226, f. 133A-E (mf)

Sosticus loricatus Trotta, 2005: 165, f. 278-279 (mf)

Sosticus loricatus Namaghi et al., 2016: 19, f. 1c, 2e-f (f)

Sosticus montanus Zamani, Chatzaki, Esyunin & Marusik, 2021 | | Iran urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:053238

Sosticus montanus Zamani et al., 2021a: 101, f. 21A-I (Df) Original description