World Spider Catalog

Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: the names Gnaphosae and Gnaphosi were used firstly at tribe level by Banks, 1892d: 92, 94 and thus Banks, 1892 is the valid authorship and year for the family, not Pocock, 1898c: 219; for the family name Drassidae Sundevall, 1833 see Simon, 1893a: 340 and Bonnet, 1956: 1554. Family relimited by Platnick, 1990a: 35 and Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612; most genera listed by Brignoli, 1983c under Micariinae are treated here under Corinnidae and Phrurolithidae. Prodidomidae revalidated by Platnick, 1990a: 36 to include the former Prodidominae, Molycriinae and Anagraphidinae; Anagraphidinae transferred from Prodidomidae to Gnaphosidae by Platnick & Baehr, 2006: 5; Prodidomidae downgraded to subfamily of Gnaphosidae by Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 613 (synonyms: Molycriinae Simon, 1897 and Theuminae Simon, 1893), redefined by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 694 and elevated to familiy rank again by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12 (without Molycriinae); Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612 distinguish several well definded clades within Gnaphosidae (Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, Zelotinae Platnick, 1990, Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, Drassodinae Simon, 1893, Prodidominae Simon, 1884 and Leptodrassinae Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018) and state three monogeneric subfamilies, Anagraphidinae Simon, 1893 (type genus Anagraphis), Echeminae Simon, 1893 (type genus Echemus) and Micariinae Banks, 1892 (type genus Micaria), which do not perform a grouping function; Micaria Westring 1851, Nauhea Forster, 1979 and Verita Ramirez & Grismado, 2015 (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, and many genera are not assigned to a subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships (Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 614); the subfamily Molycriinae Simon, 1897 is re-established by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 682 (includes Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra); Lin & Li, 2020e: 313 described the new subfamily Solitudinae, with the single genus Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020; Micariidae is regarded as a separate family (sister to Cithaeronidae) by Breitling, 2021: 19, but without listing the genera, which should belong to it, and it is also not accepted because it is based mainly on COI, see FAQ 7; Ammoxenidae (Ammoxenus, Austrammo, Barrowammo, Rastellus) are synonymized with Gnaphosidae by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 520, f. 19.

In synonymy:

Baeriella Simon, 1903 = Eilica Keyserling, 1891 (Platnick, 1985b: 1074)

Caridrassus Bryant, 1940 = Eilica Keyserling, 1891 (Platnick, 1975c: 3)

Gnaphosoides Hogg, 1896 = Eilica Keyserling, 1891 (Platnick, 1975c: 3)

Gytha Keyserling, 1891 = Eilica Keyserling, 1891 (Platnick & Shadab, 1981c: 184)

Laronia Simon, 1893 = Eilica Keyserling, 1891 (Platnick, 1975c: 3)

Gen. Eilica Keyserling, 1891 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02423

N.B.: considered a senior synonym of Laronia Simon, 1893b: 457 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05691] (type L. rufithorax Simon, 1893), Gnaphosoides Hogg, 1896: 332 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05689] (type G. albopunctata Hogg, 1896) and Caridrassus Bryant, 1940: 392 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05688] (type C. wheeleri Bryant, 1940 = Eilica bicolor Banks, 1896) by Platnick, 1975c: 3; considered a senior synonym of Gytha Keyserling, 1891: 27 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05690] (type G. obscura Keyserling, 1891, transferred here from the Liocranidae by Lehtinen, 1967: 236) by Platnick & Shadab, 1981c: 184; considered a senior synonym of Baeriella Simon, 1903m: 271 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05692] (type B. myrmecophila Simon, 1903, transferred from the Liocranidae to the Corinnidae by Lehtinen, 1967: 218, and subsequently to the Gnaphosidae) by Platnick, 1985b: 1074; not a senior synonym of Fedotovia Charitonov, 1946 (Ovtsharenko & Platnick, 1991: 102, contra Platnick & Shadab, 1981c: 184).

Transferred to other genera:

Eilica argentina (Mello-Leitão, 1944) -- see Apopyllus

Eilica magnus (Bryant, 1948) -- see Sergiolus

Eilica signata (Hogg, 1900) -- see Intruda

Eilica uzbekistanica (Charitonov, 1946) -- see Fedotovia

Eilica xanthomela (Mello-Leitão, 1945) -- see Camillina

In synonymy:

Eilica pallidenotatus (Mello-Leitão, 1938, T from Zelotes) = Eilica modesta Keyserling, 1891 (Platnick & Shadab, 1983a: 101)

Eilica puno Platnick & Shadab, 1981 = Eilica myrmecophila Simon, 1903 (Platnick, 1985b: 1074)

Eilica purpusi (Roewer, 1933) = Eilica bicolor Banks, 1896 (Platnick, 1975c: 10)

Eilica reynosana (Gertsch & Davis, 1940) = Eilica bicolor Banks, 1896 (Platnick, 1975c: 10)

Eilica variegata (Simon, 1892) = Eilica modesta Keyserling, 1891 (Platnick, 1975c: 6)

Eilica wheeleri (Bryant, 1940) = Eilica bicolor Banks, 1896 (Platnick, 1975c: 10)

Eilica albopunctata (Hogg, 1896) | | Australia (South Australia, Queensland) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027153

Gnaphosoides albopunctata Hogg, 1896: 332 (Dm) Original description

Eilica albopunctata Platnick, 1975c: 14, f. 6, 28-29 (m)

Eilica albopunctata Platnick, 1978a: 226, f. 1-3 (Df)

Eilica amambay Platnick, 1985 | | Brazil, Paraguay urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027154

Eilica amambay Platnick, 1985b: 1076, f. 2, 5-8 (Dmf) Original description

Eilica bedourie Platnick, 1985 | | Australia (Queensland) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027155

Eilica bedourie Platnick, 1985b: 1080, f. 4, 13-14 (Dm) Original description

Eilica bicolor Banks, 1896 | | USA to Honduras, Cuba, Jamaica urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027156

Eilica bicolor Banks, 1896e: 60 (Dm) Original description

Laronia purpusi Roewer, 1933: 185, f. 1 (Df)

Caridrassus wheeleri Bryant, 1940: 392, pl. 12, f. 166-167 (Df)

Laronia reynosana Gertsch & Davis, 1940b: 9, f. 7 (Df)

Laronia bicolor Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1967: 196, f. 29-36 (Tm from Eilica, Df)

Laronia reynosana Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1967: 200, f. 25-28 (f)

Eilica bicolor Platnick, 1975c: 10, f. 1, 20-23 (mf, S)

Eilica bicolor Murphy, 2007: 44, f. 252-253 (mf)

Eilica bicolor Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018a: 683, f. 6C (f)

Eilica bonda Müller, 1987 | | Colombia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027157

Eilica bonda Müller, 1987b: 146, f. 1-2 (Dm) Original description

Eilica chickeringi Platnick, 1975 | | Panama urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027158

Eilica chickeringi Platnick, 1975c: 10, f. 5, 16-17 (Dm) Original description

Eilica cincta (Simon, 1893) | | West, Central Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027159

Laronia cincta Simon, 1893e: 312 (Df) Original description

Laronia cincta Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1967: 197, f. 9-12 (f)

Eilica cincta Platnick, 1975c: 13, f. 24-25 (f)

Eilica cincta Platnick & Shadab, 1981c: 187, f. 5-6 (Dm)

Eilica contacta Platnick, 1975 | | Australia (Queensland, New South Wales) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027160

Eilica contacta Platnick, 1975c: 15, f. 34-35 (Df) Original description

Eilica contacta Platnick, 1985b: 1078, f. 9-10 (Dm)

Eilica daviesae Platnick, 1985 | | Australia (Queensland) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027161

Eilica daviesae Platnick, 1985b: 1078, f. 3, 11-12 (Dm) Original description

Eilica fusca Platnick, 1975 | | South Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027162

Eilica fusca Platnick, 1975c: 13, f. 26-27 (Df) Original description

Eilica fusca Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021C: 7, 2 f. (f)

Eilica giga FitzPatrick, 1994 | | Zimbabwe urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027163

Eilica giga FitzPatrick, 1994: 19, f. 1-2 (Df) Original description

Eilica kandarpae Nigam & Patel, 1996 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027164

Eilica kandarpae Nigam & Patel, 1996: 3, f. 1a-d (Df) Original description

Eilica lotzi FitzPatrick, 2002 | | South Africa urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:038055

Eilica lotzi FitzPatrick, 2002: 108, f. 1-2 (Dm) Original description

Eilica lotzi Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021C: 8, 3 f. (m)

Eilica maculipes (Vellard, 1925) | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027165

Laronia maculipes Vellard, 1925: 80, 83, pl. 16 (Dmf) Original description

Eilica modesta Platnick, 1975c: 6 (S, rejected)

Eilica maculipes Platnick, 1977h: 395, f. 1-4 (removed mf from S)

Eilica marchantaria Brescovit & Höfer, 1993 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027166

Eilica marchantaria Brescovit & Höfer, 1993: 104, f. 1-4 (Dmf) Original description

Eilica modesta Keyserling, 1891 | | Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027167

Eilica modesta Keyserling, 1891: 30, pl. 1, f. 9 (Dm) Original description

Laronia variegata Simon, 1893b: 458, pl. 9, f. 30 (Df)

Zelotes pallidenotatus Mello-Leitão, 1938a: 113, f. 32-33 (Df)

Laronia uniformis Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1967: 201, f. 13-16 only (m, misidentified)

Laronia variegata Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1967: 202, f. 5-8, 21-24 (f, Dm)

Eilica modesta Platnick, 1975c: 6, f. 3, 8-11 (m, Sf)

Eilica modesta Platnick & Shadab, 1983a: 101 (S)

Eilica mullaroo Platnick, 1988 | | Australia (Victoria) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027168

Eilica mullaroo Platnick, 1988: 83, f. 1-4 (Dmf) Original description

Eilica myrmecophila (Simon, 1903) | | Peru, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027169

Baeriella myrmecophila Simon, 1903m: 272, f. A-C (Df) Original description

Eilica puno Platnick & Shadab, 1981c: 185, f. 7-8 (Df)

Eilica myrmecophila Platnick, 1985b: 1074, f. 1 (f, S)

Eilica obscura (Keyserling, 1891) | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027170

Gytha obscura Keyserling, 1891: 28, pl. 1, f. 8 (Df) Original description

Eilica obscura Platnick & Shadab, 1981c: 184, f. 3-4 (f)

Eilica platnicki Tikader & Gajbe, 1977 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027171

Eilica platnicki Tikader & Gajbe, 1977d: 252, f. 1-6 (Df) Original description

Eilica platnicki Tikader, 1982b: 345, f. 114-119 (f)

Eilica pomposa Medan, 2001 | | Brazil, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:038056

Eilica pomposa Medan, 2001: 424, f. 5-7 (Dm) Original description

Eilica pomposa Ott & Rodrigues, 2011: 63, f. 1-9 (m, Df)

Eilica rotunda Platnick, 1975 | | Australia (Queensland) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027172

Eilica rotunda Platnick, 1975c: 14, f. 30-31 (Df) Original description

Eilica rufithorax (Simon, 1893) | | Venezuela, Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027173

Laronia rufithorax Simon, 1893a: 379, f. 335

Laronia rufithorax Simon, 1893b: 457 (Dm) Original description

Laronia rufithorax Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1967: 200, f. 1-4 (m)

Eilica rufithorax Platnick, 1975c: 9, f. 4, 12-13 (m)

Eilica rufithorax Platnick, 1977h: 396, f. 5-6 (Df)

Eilica serrata Platnick, 1975 | | Australia (Queensland, Western Australia) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027174

Eilica serrata Platnick, 1975c: 18, f. 2, 7, 32-33 (Dm) Original description

Eilica serrata Platnick, 1978a: 226, f. 4-6 (Df)

Eilica songadhensis Patel, 1988 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027175

Eilica songadhensis Patel, 1988c: 41, f. 1a-f (Df) Original description

Eilica tikaderi Platnick, 1976 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027176

Eilica tikaderi Platnick, 1976d: 189, f. 1-2 (Df) Original description

Eilica tikaderi Platnick & Shadab, 1981c: 184, f. 9-10 (m)

Eilica tikaderi Tikader, 1982b: 342, f. 108-113 (f, Dm)

Eilica tikaderi Prajapati et al., 2016c: 9332, Image 1A-F, f. 4A-B (mf)

Eilica trilineata (Mello-Leitão, 1941) | | Argentina, Chile, Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027177

Laronia trilineata Mello-Leitão, 1941d: 173, f. 63 (Df) Original description

Laronia variegata Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1967: 189, 196 (S, rejected)

Eilica trilineata Platnick, 1975c: 6, f. 14-15 (removed f from S)

Eilica trilineata Platnick & Shadab, 1981c: 185, f. 1-2 (Dm)

Eilica uniformis (Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1942) | | Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027178

Laronia uniformis Schiapelli & Gerschman, 1942: 330, f. 17-19 (Df) Original description

Laronia uniformis Gerschman & Schiapelli, 1967: 201, f. 17-20 (f, not m, =E. modesta)

Eilica uniformis Platnick, 1975c: 9, f. 18-19 (f)

Eilica uniformis Medan, 2001: 423, f. 2-4 (Dm)