World Spider Catalog

Araneidae Clerck, 1757

Family | ACCEPTED

In synonymy:

Stroemiellus Wunderlich, 2004 = Leviellus Wunderlich, 2004 (Gregorič et al., 2015a: 240)

Gen. Leviellus Wunderlich, 2004 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:03689

type Zygiella kochi Thorell, 1870; gender masculine

N.B.: placed in the Zygiellidae Simon, 1929 by Wunderlich, 2004f: 935 (not accepted by later authors); placed in the Phonognathidae Simon, 1894a: 746 (a senior synonym of Zygiellidae) by Kuntner et al., 2019: 563; for the current familial placement see the note at the family; considered a synonym of Stroemiellus Wunderlich, 2004f: 936 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:03688] (type Zilla stroemi Thorell, 1870) by Gregorič et al., 2015a: 240.

Leviellus caspicus (Simon, 1889) | | Georgia, Armenia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017169

Zilla caspica Simon, 1889l: 382 (Dm) Original description

Zygiella caspica Levi, 1974a: 280, f. 70-75 (m, Df)

Leviellus caspica Wunderlich, 2004f: 928 (T from Zygiella)

Leviellus caspicus Mikhailov, 2013b: 110 (emended specific epithet)

Leviellus caspicus Seropian, Otto & Bulbulashvili, 2023: 154, f. 20-26, 29-35, Suppl.: 7 f. (mf)

Leviellus inconveniens (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) | | Lebanon, Israel urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017172

Epeira inconveniens O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 298 (Df) Original description

Zygiella inconveniens Simon, 1929: 664

Zygiella inconveniens Levi, 1974a: 283, f. 92-94 (f)

Zygiella inconveniens Levy, 1987: 247, f. 13-25 (f, Dm)

Leviellus inconveniens Wunderlich, 2004f: 928, f. 58 (m, T from Zygiella)

Leviellus kochi (Thorell, 1870) | | Southern Europe, North Africa, Turkey, Central Asia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017176 TYPE SPECIES

Zilla kochii Thorell, 1870a: 33 (Dmf) Original description

Zilla kochi Bösenberg, 1901: 43, pl. 3, f. 32 (mf)

Zygiella kochi Simon, 1929: 663, 754, f. 1021, 1025 (mf)

Zilla kochi Wiehle, 1931a: 41, f. 52-53 (mf)

Zygiella kochi Levi, 1974a: 283, f. 85-91 (mf)

Leviellus kochi Wunderlich, 2004f: 928, f. 38 (m, T from Zygiella)

Leviellus kochi Dentici, 2019: 118, f. 3 (m)

Leviellus kochi Morano, 2023: 95, f. 89-90 (mf)

Leviellus kochi Atlı, Türkeş & Seyyar, 2023b: 387, f. 2A-C (f)

Leviellus kochi Lecigne, Moutaouakil & Lips, 2025: 129, f. 99D (f)

Leviellus poriensis (Levy, 1987) | | Israel urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017181

Zygiella poriensis Levy, 1987: 249, f. 26-33 (Df) Original description

Leviellus poriensis Gregorič et al., 2015a: 240 (T from Zygiella)

Leviellus stroemi (Thorell, 1870) | | Europe, Russia (Europe to Far East), Georgia, Kazakhstan, Korea urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017185

Epeira montana Westring, 1851: 35 (misidentified per Thorell, 1870a: 34 and Thorell, 1870b: 235)

Zilla montana Westring, 1861: 73 (misidentified per Thorell, 1870a: 34 and Thorell, 1870b: 235)

Zilla stroemi Thorell, 1870a: 34 (Dmf) Original description

Zilla stroemi Simon, 1874a: 144 (mf)

Zilla stroemi Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1891: 137, pl. 5, f. 30 (mf)

Zilla stroemi Becker, 1896: (2): 55, pl. 11, f. 2 (mf)

Zilla stroemi Bösenberg, 1901: 45, pl. 3, f. 34 (mf)

Araneus stroemi Lessert, 1910b: 343

Araneus stroemi Fedotov, 1912a: 90, f. 34 (m)

Zilla stroemi Jackson, 1914: 125, pl. 3, f. 1-2 (mf)

Zilla stroemi Simon, 1929: 664, 754, f. 1022-1023 (mf)

Zilla stroemi Wiehle, 1931a: 36, f. 43-45 (mf)

Zilla stroemi Drensky, 1943: 228, f. 8 (mf)

Zygiella stroemi Locket & Millidge, 1953: 163, f. 108B, 109C (mf, removed from S of Z. x-notata sensu Thorell, 1856)

Zilla stroemi Zamaraev, 1964: 351, f. 11-13 (mf)

Zygiella stroemi Tystshenko, 1971: 191, f. 553, 556 (mf)

Zygiella stroemi Miller, 1971: 203, pl. XXXVII, f. 12-13 (mf)

Zygiella stroemi Loksa, 1972: 106, f. 96A-C (mf)

Zygiella stroemi Levi, 1974a: 286, f. 102-110 (mf)

Zygiella stroemi Palmgren, 1974a: 13, f. 5a-c (mf)

Zygiella stroemi Punda, 1975b: 45, f. 85-86 (f)

Zygiella stroemi Roberts, 1985: 220, f. 99e (mf)

Zygiella stroemi Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 66, f. 144 (mf)

Zygiella stroemi Roberts, 1995: 335, f. (mf)

Zygiella stroemi Roberts, 1998: 348, f. (mf)

Stroemiellus stroemi Wunderlich, 2004f: 936, f. 39-40 (m, T from Zygiella)

Zygiella stroemi Almquist, 2006: 180, f. 185a-e (mf)

Stroemiellus stroemi Marusik, 2009h: 14, f. 9 (f)

Zygiella stroemi Murphy & Roberts, 2015: ix (T to Zilla; not sufficiently justified and is not accepted here)

Leviellus stroemi Gregorič et al., 2015a: 240 (T from Stroemiellus)

Stroemiellus stroemi Kim & Ye, 2015d: 82, f. 1-6 (f)

Leviellus stroemi Seropian, Otto & Bulbulashvili, 2023: 154, f. 27-28 (f)

Leviellus stroemi Dolejš, 2023: 18, f. 3a-b (f)

Leviellus stroemi Bloem, 2025b: 17, f. 1-2 (f)

Leviellus stroemi Kuntner et al., 2025: 14, f. 11C, S12A-G (m)

Leviellus thorelli (Ausserer, 1871) | | France, Central, Southern and South-Eastern Europe urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017186

Zilla thorellii Ausserer, 1871b: 830, pl. 5, f. 10 (Df) Original description

Zilla thorelli Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1891: 137, pl. 5, f. 32 (f)

Zilla thorelli Bösenberg, 1901: 42, pl. 3, f. 31 (f, Dm)

Araneus thorelli Lessert, 1910b: 342

Zygiella thorelli Simon, 1929: 663, 755, f. 1019, 1024 (mf)

Zilla thorelli Wiehle, 1931a: 39, f. 49-51 (mf)

Zilla thorelli Drensky, 1943: 228, f. 9 (mf)

Zygiella thorelli Loksa, 1972: 106, f. 97A-C (mf)

Zygiella thorelli Levi, 1974a: 284, f. 95-101 (mf)

Zygiella thorelli Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 66, f. 145 (mf)

Leviellus thorelli Wunderlich, 2004f: 935 (T from Zygiella)

Leviellus thorelli Pfliegler, 2014: 145, f. 1i-j, 4b (m)

Leviellus thorelli Cruveillier, Guerbaa & Lecigne, 2017: 27, f. 2-6 (mf)

Leviellus thorelli Geci et al., 2022: 76, f. 3A-C (f)

Zygiella x-notata Kuntner et al., 2025: 14, f. 11B, S11A-F (m)