Araneidae Clerck, 1757

Family |   ACCEPTED

N.B.: family name and authorship as per ICZN, 2009 Opinion 2224, after application by Kluge, 2007; Arkyinae L. Koch, 1872 (genera Arkys Walckenaer, 1837 and Demadiana Strand, 1929) elevated to Arkyidae by Dimitrov et al., 2017: 244; monophyly of Araneidae stated by Kallal et al., 2018: 138; Nephilinae Simon, 1894 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spiderfam:0111] elevated to family and relimited by Kuntner, 2006: 24, re-synonymized with Araneidae by Dimitrov et al., 2017: 244; Nephilinae and Phonognathinae Simon, 1894 (Simon, 1894a: 746 as Phonognatheae), the valid name for Zygiellinae Simon, 1929 sensu Wunderlich, 2004f, elevated to family by Kuntner et al., 2019: 563, not accepted by Scharff et al., 2020 and Kallal et al., 2020, and confirmed as family by Kuntner et al., 2023: 969-970 along with the separation of Paraplectanoididae Kuntner, Coddington, Agnarsson & Bond, 2023; Nephilinae and Phonognathinae downgraded to subfamily and Paraplectanoididae considered a synonym of Araneidae by Hormiga et al., 2023: 803; family status of Paraplectanoididae, Nephilidae and Phonognathidae revalidated by Kuntner et al., 2025: 17, 23, but not accepted here for reasons of stability; Oarcinae (Gnolus and Oarces) transferred from the Mimetidae to the Araneidae by Dimitrov et al., 2012: Suppl. 1, p. 15, re-transfer to the Mimetidae by Eskov & Marusik, 2023: 340 not accepted here (by majority vote of the WSC boards); Eskov & Marusik, 2023: 241 and Eskov & Marusik, 2024: 52 consider Zygiellidae as the valid name instead of Phonognathidae and accept the family status of Nephilidae; the status of the Nephilinae and Phonognathinae (= Zygiellidae) as subfamilies is accepted by majority vote of the WSC boards; Eskov & Marusik, 2024: 52 list ten subfamilies and tribes as valid (besides Nephilidae and Zygiellidae): Araneinae, Argiopinae Simon, 1890a: 81 (sub Argiopidae), Cyrtarachninae Simon, 1895a: 876 (sub Cyrtarachneae), Сyrtophorinae Simon, 1895a: 876 (sub Cyrtophoreae), Gasteracanthinae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871e: 217 (sub Gasteracanthides), Micratheninae Simon, 1895a: 848 (sub Micratheneae), Guizygiellinae Zhu, Song & Zhang, 2003: 42, Caerostrini Simon, 1895a: 831 (sub Cerostreae), Hypognathini Simon, 1895a: 871 (sub Hypognatheae) and Poltyini Simon, 1895a: 888 (sub Poltyeae).

Gen. Paraverrucosa Mello-Leitão, 1939 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:04594
type Paraverrucosa neglecta Mello-Leitão, 1939; gender feminine
N.B.: removed from synonymy of Wagneriana F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1904 (contra Levi, 1991b: 370) and from synonymy of Verrucosa McCook, 1888 (contra Archer, 1951a: 20) by Cabra-García & Hormiga, 2020: 1029 .

Transferred to other genera:

Paraverrucosa octospinosa Mello-Leitão, 1949 -- see Wagneriana

Paraverrucosa uropygialis Mello-Leitão, 1944 -- see Alpaida

In synonymy:

Paraverrucosa longicauda (Mello-Leitão, 1947, T from Verrucosa) = Paraverrucosa neglecta Mello-Leitão, 1939 (Levi, 1991b: 397, sub Wagneriana)

Paraverrucosa tuberculicauda (Caporiacco, 1947, sub Wagneriana) = Paraverrucosa neglecta Mello-Leitão, 1939 (Levi, 1991b: 397, sub Wagneriana)

Paraverrucosa eupalaestra (Mello-Leitão, 1943) | | Brazil, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017113
Edricus eupalaestrus Mello-Leitão, 1943a: 177, f. 17, 17a (Dm) Original description
Paraverrucosa eupalaestrus Mello-Leitão, 1947c: 13 (T from Edricus)
Wagneriana eupalaestris Levi, 1991b: 367, 396, f. 110-115 (m, Df)
Paraverrucosa eupalaestra Cabra-García & Hormiga, 2020: 1037, f. 22B, 49B, 52C, 56B, 60I, 66C, 86C-D, 103D, 120A-F (mf, T from Wagneriana)
Paraverrucosa heteracantha (Mello-Leitão, 1943) | | Brazil, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017117
Actinosoma heteracanthum Mello-Leitão, 1943a: 174, f. 15, 15a (Df) Original description
Wagneriana heteracantha Levi, 1991b: 394, f. 105-109 (Dm, f, T from Actinosoma)
Paraverrucosa heteracantha Cabra-García & Hormiga, 2020: 1037, f. 44C-D, 58F, 66D, 86E-F, 100C-D, 103E, 121A-B (mf, T from Wagneriana)
Paraverrucosa neglecta Mello-Leitão, 1939 | | Trinidad to Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017129 TYPE SPECIES
Paraverrucosa neglecta Mello-Leitão, 1939e: 65, f. 38-40 (Dm) Original description
Wagneriana tuberculicauda Caporiacco, 1947a: 25 (Df)
Verrucosa longicauda Mello-Leitão, 1947b: 251 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062950]
Wagneriana tuverculicauda Caporiacco, 1948a: 657, f. 64-65 (f) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:062951]
Wagneriana neglecta Levi, 1991b: 397, f. 116-112 (mf, S of Verrucosa longicauda and Wagneriana tuberculicauda)
Paraverrucosa neglecta Cabra-García & Hormiga, 2020: 1029, f. 66B, 85A-F, 121C-D (mf, T from Wagneriana)
Paraverrucosa uzaga (Levi, 1991) | | Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:017142
Wagneriana uzaga Levi, 1991b: 398, f. 123-128 (Dmf) Original description
Paraverrucosa uzaga Cabra-García & Hormiga, 2020: 1037, f. 19D, 23C, 44E-F, 49C, 52D, 56C, 66A, 86A-B, 121E-F (mf, T from Wagneriana)

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