World Spider Catalog

Miturgidae Simon, 1886

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: relimited and considered a senior synonym of the Zoridae F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1893: 132 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spiderfam:0095] by Ramírez, 2014: 341; the Systariinae Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: 202 (including the genera Palicanus, Systaria, Tamin and Xantharia) were described as a subfamily of Clubionidae (s. lat.) and included provisionally in the Miturgidae by Ramírez et al., 2014: 342; the Xenoctenidae (including the genera Odo, Paravulsor and Xenoctenus) were separated by Wheeler et al., 2017: 609; currently four subfamilies are accepted in Miturgidae (Diaprograptinae Raven, 2009, Miturginae, Systariinae, Zorinae); Katadysidae Thorell, 1869: 43 (type Katadysas Hentz, 1850 = Zora C. L. Koch, 1847) is a forgotten name, which is older than Miturgidae and Zoridae, but both are clearly protected by usage; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 523, f. 20.

In synonymy:

Hecaerge Blackwall, 1834 = Zora C. L. Koch, 1847 (Thorell, 1870b: 140, preoccupied)

Katadysas Hentz, 1850 = Zora C. L. Koch, 1847 (Holmberg, 1882: 153)

Lycaena Sundevall, 1833 = Zora C. L. Koch, 1847 (C. L. Koch, 1847: vol. 14: 91, preoccupied, replacement name)

Psilothra Gistel, 1848 = Zora C. L. Koch, 1847 (Bonnet, 1958: 3824)

Gen. Zora C. L. Koch, 1847 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02511

type Lycaena spinimana Sundevall, 1833; gender feminine

N.B.: transferred from the Ctenidae to the Zoridae by Lehtinen, 1967: 276 and to the Miturgidae by Ramírez, 2014: 341; replacement name for Lycaena Sundevall, 1833a: 265 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05679] (type L. spinimana Sundevall, 1833, preoccupied in Lepidoptera by Fabricius, 1807); considered a synonym of Hecaerge Blackwall, 1833: 193 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05680] (type H. maculata Blackwall, 1833 = Zora spinimana (Sundevall, 1833), preoccupied in Lepidoptera by Ochsenheimer, 1816) by Thorell, 1870b: 140, of the superfluous replacement name for Hecaerge, Psilothra Gistel, 1848: IX [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05681], by Bonnet, 1958: 3824 and of Katadysas Hentz, 1850: 287 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:06050] (type K. pumilus Hentz, 1850) by Holmberg, 1882: 153.

Transferred to other genera:

Zora affinis Drensky, 1936 -- see Clubiona

Zora drenskii Roewer, 1951 -- see Clubiona

Zora inornata L. Koch, 1882 -- see Liocranum

In synonymy:

Zora jaffana Strand, 1915 = Zora manicata Simon, 1878 (Levy, 2003: 15)

Zora letifera Falconer, 1912 = Zora armillata Simon, 1878 (Simon, 1932: 968)

Zora lycaena (Walckenaer, 1837, T from Dolomedes) = Zora spinimana (Sundevall, 1833) (C. L. Koch, 1847: v. 14: 102)

Zora maculata (Blackwall, 1833) = Zora spinimana (Sundevall, 1833) (Blackwall, 1861a: 41, sub Hecaerge)

Zora nigrimana Schenkel, 1927 = Zora alpina Kulczyński, 1915 (Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 454)

Nomen dubium:

Zora maculosa Roewer, 1951: 447, replacement name for Hecaerge maculata O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 257 (j, Lebanon, Israel, preoccupied) -- Levy, 2003: 13

Zora acuminata Zhu & Zhang, 2006 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:040161

Zora acuminata Zhu & Zhang, 2006: 48, f. 1-8 (Dmf) Original description

Zora alexeevi Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024 | | Russia (Caucasus) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063418

Zora alexeevi Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024b: 590, f. 1-7 (Dmf) Original description

Zora alpina Kulczyński, 1915 | | Switzerland, Italy, Russia (Caucasus) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028545

Zora alpina Kulczyński, 1915: 935 (Df) Original description

Zora nigrimana Schenkel, 1927b: 255, f. 15 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028549]

Zora alpina Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 454, f. 1194 (f, S of Zora nigrimana)

Zora alpina Mazzoleni et al., 2016: 446, f. 1-6, 9, 12-13 (Dm, f)

Zora alpina Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024b: 594, f. 21-24 (mf)

Zora armillata Simon, 1878 | | Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe, Caucasus, West Siberia), Kyrgyzstan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028546

Zora armillata Simon, 1878a: 320 (Dm) Original description

Zora letifera Falconer, 1912: 317, f. 1-4 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063976]

Zora armillata Simon, 1932: 933, 968, f. 1324 (m, S of Zora letifera)

Zora armillata Tullgren, 1946: 72, pl. 12, f. 146-148 (m, Df)

Zora armillata Millidge & Locket, 1955: 163, f. 1C, 2D (mf)

Zora armillata Locket, Millidge & Merrett, 1974: 20, f. 9D, 10D (mf)

Zora armillata Roberts, 1985: 94, f. 37b (mf)

Zora armillata Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 456, f. 1200 (mf)

Zora armillata Roberts, 1995: 145, f. (mf)

Zora armillata Roberts, 1998: 154, f. (mf)

Zora armillata Urones, 2005: 10, f. 2-4 (f)

Zora armillata Almquist, 2007: 443, f. 383a-e (mf)

Zora armillata Aakra et al., 2016: 37, f. 32A,C,E,G (mf)

Zora armillata Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024b: 595, f. 25-30 (mf)

Zora caucasia Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024 | | Russia (Caucasus) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063419

Zora caucasia Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024b: 592, f. 8-17 (Dmf) Original description

Zora dagestana Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024 | | Russia (Caucasus) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063420

Zora dagestana Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024b: 593, f. 18-20 (Dm) Original description

Zora distincta Kulczyński, 1915 | | Czechia, Slovakia, Poland, Romania, Ukraine urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028547

Zora distincta Kulczyński, 1915: 937 (Dmf) Original description

Zora distincta Miller, 1947: 89, pl. XIII, f. 14-15 (m)

Zora distincta Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 456, f. 1197 (mf)

Zora hespera Corey & Mott, 1991 | | Canada, USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028548

Zora hespera Corey & Mott, 1991: 60, f. 8-14 (Dmf) Original description

Zora hespera Bennett & Brumwell, 1996: 106, f. 1-4 (mf)

Zora huseynovi Zamani & Marusik, 2017 | | Iran urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:049742

Zora huseynovi Zamani & Marusik, 2017: 325, f. 6a-c (Dm) Original description

Zora lyriformis Song, Zhu & Gao, 1993 | | Russia (Far East), China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028551

Zora lyriformis Song, Zhu & Gao, 1993: 87, f. 1-6 (Dmf) Original description

Zora lyriformis Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 465, f. 267K, O (mf)

Zora lyriformis Song, Zhu & Chen, 2001: 367, f. 240A-F (mf)

Zora lyriformis Zhu & Zhang, 2011: 413, f. 295A-D (mf)

Zora lyriformis Zhang, Peng & Zhang, 2022: 177, f. 130A-G (mf)

Zora manicata Simon, 1878 | | Europe, Algeria, Cyprus, Caucasus, Israel, Iran urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028553

Zora manicata Simon, 1878a: 318 (Dmf) Original description

Zora jaffana Strand, 1915c: 160 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028550]

Zora manicata Miller, 1947: 88, pl. XIV, f. 13-16 (mf)

Zora manicata Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 454, f. 1192.1, 3a, 5, 6 (mf; f. 1192.3b see Zora manicatoides)

Zora manicata Levy, 2003: 15, f. 23-31 (mf, S of Zora jaffana)

Zora manicata Urones, 2005: 11, f. 1, 5-12, 14 (mf; f. 13, 15 see Zora manicatoides)

Zora manicata Mazzoleni et al., 2016: 446, f. 7, 10 (m)

Zora manicata Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024b: 597, f. 31-35 (f)

Zora manicatoides Wunderlich, 2023 | | Portugal, Spain urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:059443

Zora manicata Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 454, f. 1192.3b (f; misidentified per Wunderlich, 2023: 50)

Zora manicata Urones, 2005: 11, f. 13, 15 (f; misidentified per Wunderlich, 2023: 50)

Zora manicatoides Wunderlich, 2023: 50, f. 100-106, photo 8 (Dmf) Original description

Zora nemoralis (Blackwall, 1861) | | Europe, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to South Siberia, Kamchatka), Kazakhstan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Mongolia, China, Korea, Japan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028554

Hecaerge nemoralis Blackwall, 1861b: 441 (Dmf) Original description

Hecaerge nemoralis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1873b: 433, pl. 33, f. 1 (m)

Zora nemoralis Menge, 1875: 401, pl. 68, f. 227 (mf)

Zora nemoralis Becker, 1896: 308, pl. 17, f. 17 (mf)

Zora nemoralis Bösenberg, 1902: 254, pl. 23, f. 367 (mf)

Zora nemoralis Dahl & Dahl, 1927: 5, f. 1-2 (mf)

Zora nemoralis Simon, 1932: 932, 934, 968, f. 1421-1422, 1426 (mf)

Zora nemoralis Palmgren, 1943: 74, f. 77 (f)

Zora nemoralis Holm, 1945b: 68, f. 22a-b (mf)

Zora nemoralis Tullgren, 1946: 73, f. 22B, pl. 12, f. 149-151 (mf)

Zora nemoralis Miller, 1947: 88, pl. XIV, f. 5-8 (mf)

Zora nemoralis Locket & Millidge, 1951: 159, f. 80A, H (mf)

Zora nemoralis Millidge & Locket, 1955: 163, f. 1E-F, 2B, F (mf)

Zora nemoralis Brændegaard, 1966: 209, f. 176-177 (mf)

Zora nemoralis Locket, Millidge & Merrett, 1974: 20, f. 9F-G, 10E (mf)

Zora nemoralis Paik, 1978e: 406, f. 183.1-4 (mf)

Zora nemoralis Roberts, 1985: 94, f. 37c (mf)

Zora nemoralis Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 456, f. 1198 (mf)

Zora nemoralis Song, Zhu & Gao, 1993: 89, f. 10-13 (m)

Zora nemoralis Roberts, 1995: 145, f. (mf)

Zora nemoralis Roberts, 1998: 154, f. (mf)

Zora nemoralis Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 465, f. 267P-Q (m)

Zora nemoralis Namkung, 2002: 493, f. 38.1a-b (mf)

Zora nemoralis Namkung, 2003: 496, f. 38.1a-b (mf)

Zora nemoralis Lee et al., 2004: 99, unnumbered f. (f)

Zora nemoralis Urones, 2005: 13, f. 16-21 (m)

Zora nemoralis Almquist, 2007: 444, f. 383a-e (mf)

Zora nemoralis Ono, 2009a: 469, f. 5-7 (mf)

Zora nemoralis Kim & Lee, 2018c: 56, f. 29A-D, pl. 11 (mf)

Zora nemoralis Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024b: 598, f. 36-40 (mf)

Zora nemoralis Geci et al., 2025a: 277, f. 7I-J (f)

Zora opiniosa (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) | | Lebanon urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028556

Hecaerge opiniosa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 258, pl. 16, f. 43 (Df) Original description

Hecaerge opiniosa Levy, 2003: 12 (does not belong to Zoridae or Ctenidae)

Zora osetica Ponomarev, 2021 | | Caucasus (Russia, Georgia) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:053624

Zora osetica Ponomarev in Ponomarev et al., 2021: 354, f. 11-13 (Dm) Original description

Zora osetica Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024b: 600, f. 41-43 (m)

Zora palmgreni Holm, 1945 | | Sweden, Finland urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028555

Zora nemoralis subsp. Palmgren, 1943: 74, f. 78 (f)

Zora nemoralis palmgreni Holm, 1945b: 68, f. 22c-d (Dmf) Original description

Zora nemoralis palmgreni Almquist, 2007: 445, f. 384a-e (mf)

Zora palmgreni Wunderlich, 2008h: 768 (elevated to species)

Zora parallela Simon, 1878 | | Europe, Russia (Europe, Caucasus, Far East) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028557

Zora parallela Simon, 1878a: 323, pl. 16, f. 9 (Dmf) Original description

Zora parallela Tullgren, 1946: 75, pl. 12, f. 152 (f)

Zora parallela Denis, 1966g: 180, f. 1-4 (mf)

Zora parallela Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 454, f. 1196 (mf)

Zora parallela Pozzi & Hänggi, 1998: 38, f. 16-18 (mf)

Zora parallela Roberts, 1998: 155, f. (mf)

Zora parallela Urones, 2005: 13, f. 22-28 (m)

Zora parallela Almquist, 2007: 445, f. 385a-e (mf)

Zora parallela Crespo, 2008: 406, f. 7A-B (m)

Zora parallela Zamani & Marusik, 2017: 325, f. 6d-g (m)

Zora parallela Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024b: 601, f. 44-47 (mf)

Zora pardalis Simon, 1878 | | Europe, Caucasus, Kazakhstan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028558

Zora pardalis Simon, 1878a: 322 (Dmf) Original description

Zora pardalis Bösenberg, 1902: 254, pl. 24, f. 368 (mf)

Zora pardalis Denis, 1934a: 584, f. 4 (m)

Zora pardalis Miller, 1947: 89, pl. XIV, f. 17 (m)

Zora pardalis Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 454, f. 1195 (f)

Zora pardalis Roberts, 1998: 155, f. (mf)

Zora pardalis Urones, 2005: 14, f. 29-35 (mf)

Zora pardalis Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024b: 601, f. 48-51 (mf)

Zora prespaensis Drensky, 1929 | | North Macedonia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028559

Zora prespaensis Drensky, 1929: 19, 65, pl. 2, f. 1-2 (Df) Original description

Zora prespaensis Deltshev, 2003: 147, f. 30-32 (f)

Zora pumila (Hentz, 1850) | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028560

Katadysas pumilus Hentz, 1850: 287, pl. 10, f. 16 (Df) Original description

Catadysas pumilus Thorell, 1869: 43 (unjustified emendation)

Zora pumila Simon, 1897a: 135

Zora spinimana Emerton, 1911: 403, pl. 5, f. 5 (f; misidentified per Kaston, 1948: 385)

Zora pumila Comstock, 1912: 573, f. 651

Zora pumila Kaston, 1948: 385, f. 1379-1382 (f, Dm)

Zora pumila Corey & Mott, 1991: 57, f. 1-7 (mf)

Zora silvestris Kulczyński, 1897 | | Europe, Caucasus, Turkmenistan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028561

Zora silvestris Kulczyński in Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1897: 250, pl. 10, f. 13 (Dmf) Original description

Zora silvestris Palmgren, 1943: 76, f. 79 (f)

Zora silvestris Tullgren, 1946: 76, f. 22C, pl. 12, f. 153 (f)

Zora silvestris Miller, 1947: 88, pl. XIV, f. 9-12 (mf)

Zora silvestris Millidge & Locket, 1955: 161, f. 1A-B, 2A, G (mf)

Zora silvestris Cooke, 1963: 155, f. 1, 9 (mf)

Zora silvestris Brændegaard, 1966: 211, f. 178 (f)

Zora silvestris Locket, Millidge & Merrett, 1974: 17, f. 9B-C, 10A-B (mf)

Zora silvestris Thaler, 1982c: 403, f. 18-22 (mf)

Zora silvestris Roberts, 1985: 94, f. 37d (mf)

Zora silvestris Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 454, f. 1193 (mf)

Zora silvestris Roberts, 1995: 146, f. (mf)

Zora silvestris Roberts, 1998: 154, f. (mf)

Zora silvestris Almquist, 2007: 446, f. 386a-g (mf)

Zora silvestris Mazzoleni et al., 2016: 446, f. 8, 11 (m)

Zora silvestris Crespo et al., 2018: 241, f. 8a-f (mf)

Zora silvestris Tilly & Tilly, 2019: 5, f. 2A-B (m)

Zora silvestris Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024b: 602, f. 52-55 (mf)

Zora spinimana (Sundevall, 1833) | | Europe, Turkey, Caucasus, Russia (Europe to Far East), Kazakhstan, Iran, Central Asia, China, Japan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028562 TYPE SPECIES

Hecaerge maculata Blackwall, 1833: 193 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063977]

Lycaena spinimana Sundevall, 1833a: 266 (Df) Original description

Lycodia spinimana Sundevall, 1833b: 22 (lapsus for Lycaena)

Hecaerge maculata Blackwall, 1834b: 413, pl. 3, f. 8 (mf)

Dolomedes spinimanus C. L. Koch, 1835: 128, pl. 23-24

Dolomedes lycaena Walckenaer, 1837: 348 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:063978]

Zora spinimana C. L. Koch, 1847: v. 14: 102, f. 1343-1344 (Dm, f, S of Dolomedes lycaena)

Psilothra [spinimana] Gistel, 1848: IX (generic replacement name for Hecaerge)

Hecaerge spinimana Blackwall, 1861a: 41, pl. 3, f. 21 (mf, S of Hecaerge maculata)

Zora lycaena Thorell, 1870b: 140

Zora maculata Menge, 1875: 400, pl. 68, f. 226 (mf)

Zora maculata Hansen, 1882: 51, pl. 3, f. 10 (mf)

Zora spinimana Becker, 1896: 306, pl. 17, f. 15 (mf)

Zora spinimana Simon, 1897a: 135, f. 134-140 (mf)

Zora maculata Bösenberg, 1902: 254, pl. 23, f. 366 (mf)

Zora spinimana Dahl & Dahl, 1927: 5, f. 3-5 (mf)

Zora spinimana Simon, 1932: 933, 968, f. 1423, 1425 (mf)

Zora spinimana Palmgren, 1943: 73, f. 76 (mf)

Zora spinimana Tullgren, 1946: 71, f. 21, 22A, pl. 11, f. 142-145 (mf)

Zora spinimana Miller, 1947: 87, pl. XIV, f. 1-4 (mf)

Zora spinimana Locket & Millidge, 1951: 156, f. 4B, 79C, 80B, D, F (mf)

Zora spinimana Millidge & Locket, 1955: 163, f. 1D, 2C, E (mf)

Zora spinimana Brændegaard, 1966: 207, f. 173-175 (mf)

Zora spinimana Yaginuma, 1973c: 250, f. 1 (m)

Zora spinimana Locket, Millidge & Merrett, 1974: 20, f. 9E, 10C (mf)

Zora spinimana Roberts, 1985: 94, f. 37a (mf)

Zora spinimana Barrientos & Urones, 1985: 356, f. 3c-d (m)

Zora spinimana Yaginuma, 1986a: 195, f. 109.2 (m)

Zora spinimana Hu & Wu, 1989: 308, f. 247.1-2 (m)

Zora spinimana Izmailova, 1989: 46, f. 34 (f)

Zora spinimana Chikuni, 1989b: 132, f. 1 (m)

Zora spinimana Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 456, f. 1199 (mf)

Zora spinimana Song, Zhu & Gao, 1993: 88, f. 7-9 (f)

Zora spinimana Roberts, 1995: 144, f. (mf)

Zora spinimana Roberts, 1998: 153, f. (mf)

Zora spinimana Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 466, f. 267L (f)

Zora spinimana Song, Zhu & Chen, 2001: 368, f. 241A-C (f)

Zora spinimana Urones, 2005: 16, f. 36-45 (mf)

Zora spinimana Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006: 270, f. 112a-e (mf)

Zora spinimana Almquist, 2007: 447, f. 387a-i (mf)

Zora spinimana Ono, 2009a: 469, f. 1-4 (mf)

Zora spinimana Bayram et al., 2009b: 145, f. 2A-B, 3-4 (mf)

Zora spinimana Marusik & Kovblyuk, 2011: 265, f. 40.2, 4-8 (mf)

Zora spinimana Ramírez, 2014: 212, f. 140B, 146D, 175D (mf)

Zora spinimana Aakra et al., 2016: 38, f. 32B,D,F,H (mf)

Zora spinimana Serita, 2021e: 284, f. 2s (f)

Zora spinimana Zhang, Peng & Zhang, 2022: 177, f. 131A-G (mf)

Zora spinimana Hino, 2024: 60, f. 3S-T (f)

Zora spinimana Ponomarev, Mikhailov & Shmatko, 2024b: 603, f. 56-60 (mf)

Zora spinimana Suzuki et al., 2025: 72, f. 25D-E (f)