World Spider Catalog

Thomisidae Sundevall, 1833

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: Includes Aphantochilidae as "a subfamily related to the Strophiinae" (Ono, 1988c: 217-218, after Homann, 1975: 184; see also Benjamin, 2011: 8 and Teixeira, Campos & Lise, 2014: 73). Separation of Borboropactidae Wunderlich, 2004 (Wunderlich, 2004m: 1738, Murphy & Roberts, 2015: viii) not sufficiently justified and is not accepted here. Lehtinen, 2016 splits the family into five families, i.e. Thomisidae s. str., Borboropactidae Wunderlich, 2004, Stephanopidae O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871, Stiphropidae Simon, 1886 [sub Stiphropodidae; for nomenclatural author and year see Simon, 1886b: 170] and Bomidae Simon, 1886 [for nomenclatural author and year see Simon, 1886b: 173]; because of lack of a phylogenetic analysis and partly unclear limitations this splitting is not accepted; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 518, f. 17-18.

In synonymy:

Eripus Walckenaer, 1833 = Epicadus Simon, 1895 (Simon, 1895a: 1052, preoccupied, replacement name)

Metatobias F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900 = Epicadus Simon, 1895 (Machado et al., 2021: 66)

Tobias Simon, 1895 = Epicadus Simon, 1895 (Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448)

Gen. Epicadus Simon, 1895 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02667

type Thomisus heterogaster Guérin, 1829; gender masculine

N.B.: replacement name for Eripus Walckenaer, 1833: 438 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05604], preoccupied in Coleoptera by Dejean, 1829; considered a senior synonym of Tobias Simon, 1895a: 1053 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02781] (type Stephanopis camelina O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) by Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448 and of Metatobias F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900: 161 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:06390] (type Thomisus stelloides Walckenaer, 1837) by Machado et al., 2021: 66 (by transfer of the type species from Stephanopis O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869).

Transferred to other genera:

Epicadus mutchleri Petrunkevitch, 1930 -- see Rejanellus

In synonymy:

Epicadus aheneus (Soares & Soares, 1946, T from Stephanopis) = Epicadus tuberculatus (Petrunkevitch, 1910) (Machado et al., 2021: 63)

Epicadus caudatus (Mello-Leitão, 1929) = Epicadus stelloides (Walckenaer, 1837) (Machado et al., 2021: 66)

Epicadus epicadoides (Mello-Leitão, 1944) = Epicadus pulcher (Mello-Leitão, 1929) (Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448)

Epicadus heterogaster scholagriculae Piza, 1933 = Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin, 1829) (Silva-Moreira & Machado, 2016: 285)

Epicadus inermis (Mello-Leitão, 1929) = Epicadus granulatus Banks, 1909 (Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448)

Epicadus martinezi (Birabén, 1955) = Epicadus camelinus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) (Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448)

Epicadus monstrosus Simon, 1929 = Epicadus tuberculatus (Petrunkevitch, 1910) (Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2015: 570, sub E. pustulosus)

Epicadus nigronotatus Mello-Leitão, 1940 = Epicadus trituberculatus (Taczanowski, 1872) (Silva-Moreira & Machado, 2016: 297)

Epicadus pallidus Mello-Leitão, 1929 = Epicadus rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1924 (Silva-Moreira & Machado, 2016: 292)

Epicadus paraguayensis (Mello-Leitão, 1929) = Epicadus trituberculatus (Taczanowski, 1872) (Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448)

Epicadus planus Mello-Leitão, 1932 = Epicadus trituberculatus (Taczanowski, 1872) (Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448)

Epicadus pustulosus (Mello-Leitão, 1929) = Epicadus tuberculatus (Petrunkevitch, 1910) (do Prado, Baptista & Machado, 2018: 231)

Epicadus quinquegibbosus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877) = Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin, 1829) (Göldi, 1886: 414, sub Eripus)

Epicadus regius (Birabén, 1955) = Epicadus pulcher (Mello-Leitão, 1929) (Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448)

Epicadus salobrensis (Mello-Leitão, 1929, T from Stephanopis) = Epicadus stelloides (Walckenaer, 1837) (Machado et al., 2021: 66)

Epicadus trilobatus (Mello-Leitão, 1929, T from Stephanopis) = Epicadus stelloides (Walckenaer, 1837) (Machado et al., 2021: 66)

Homonym replaced:

Epicadus rugosus (Taczanowski, 1872) -- see Epicadus taczanowskii Roewer, 1951 Roewer, 1951

Nomina dubia:

Epicadus albicans (Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 92, f. 196, f, Brazil, originally in Tobias) -- Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2015: 574, sub Tobias

Epicadus albovittatus (Caporiacco, 1954: 131, j, French Guiana, originally in Tobias) -- Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2015: 575, sub Tobias

Epicadus corticatus (Mello-Leitão, 1917c: 123, f, Brazil, originally in Tobias) -- Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2015: 575, sub Tobias

Epicadus flavus (Giebel, 1863: 315, Thailand, originally in Eripus) -- Roewer, 1955c: 1504

Epicadus gradiens (Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 89, f. 43, m, Brazil, originally in Tobias) -- Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2015: 575, sub Tobias

Epicadus polyophthalmus (Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 102, f. 46, f, Brazil, originally in Epicadinus) -- do Prado, Baptista & Machado, 2018: 230

Epicadus ruber (Giebel, 1863: 316, Egypt, originally in Eripus) -- Roewer, 1955c: 1504

Epicadus camelinus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869) | | Peru, Bolivia, Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031753

Stephanopis camelina O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1869c: 64, pl. 5, f. 44-49 (Df) Original description

Tobias camelinus Simon, 1895a: 1053

Tobias martinezi Birabén, 1955a: 73, f. 1-4 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031760]

Epicadus camelinus Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448, f. S4C, S6B, S15C (f, T from Tobias, S of Tobias martinezi) [m, fig. S12B, misidentified per Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2018: 507, belongs to E. taczanowskii]

Epicadus camelinus Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2018: 506, f. 2A-D, 16D (f)

Epicadus camelinus Bauer, 2020: 1552, f. 1A-C, 2A-D (f)

Epicadus dimidiaster Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2018 | | Colombia, Peru, Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:050054

Epicadus dimidiaster Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2018: 508, f. 3A-D, 4A-D, 16B (Dmf) Original description

Epicadus granulatus Banks, 1909 | | Costa Rica, Peru, Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:030363

Epicadus granulatus Banks, 1909a: 214, pl. 6, f. 25 (D) Original description

Tobias inermis Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 84, f. 177-178 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031759]

Epicadus granulatus Silva-Moreira & Machado, 2016: 300 (incertae sedis)

Epicadus granulatus Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448, f. S4F, S8D, S15D (f, S of Tobias inermis)

Epicadus granulatus Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2018: 510, f. 5A-D, 6A-D, 15D (Dm, f)

Epicadus heterogaster (Guérin, 1829) | | Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:030364 TYPE SPECIES

Thomisus heterogaster Guérin, 1829: 6, pl. 1, f. 4 (D) Original description

Eripus heterogaster Walckenaer, 1833: 438, 441

Eripus heterogaster Walckenaer, 1837: 541, pl. 12, f. 6 (Df)

Eripus heterogaster C. L. Koch, 1845: 46, f. 984-985 (f)

Eripus quinquegibbosus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1877b: 557, pl. 56, f. 5 (Dj) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:05605]

Eripus heterogaster Keyserling, 1880: 164, pl. 3, f. 90 (f)

Eripus quinquegibbosus Keyserling, 1880: 164, pl. 3, f. 91 (Dm)

Eripus heterogaster Göldi, 1886: 411, pl. 11, f. 1-7 (f, S of Eripus quinquegibbosus)

Epicadus heterogaster Simon, 1895a: 1052, f. 1085 (f)

Epicadus heterogaster F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900: 160, pl. 10, f. 34 (f)

Epicadus heterogaster Vellard, 1924a: 9, f. 4 (f)

Epicadus heterogaster Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 94 (m)

Epicadus heterogaster scholagriculae Piza, 1933b: 50, f. 3 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:030365]

Epicadus heterogaster Silva-Moreira & Machado, 2016: 285, f. 1A-C, 2-6, 15A-C, 16A-D (mf, S of Epicadus heterogaster scholagriculae)

Epicadus heterogaster Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2018: 513, f. 1A-F, 16E (mf)

Epicadus pulcher (Mello-Leitão, 1929) | | Bolivia, Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031763

Tobias pulcher Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 90, f. 189-190 (Df) Original description

Tobias epicadoides Mello-Leitão, 1944a: 11 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031757]

Tobias regius Birabén, 1955a: 75, f. 5-8 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031765]

Epicadus pulcher Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448 (T from Tobias, S of Tobias epicadoides and Tobias regius)

Epicadus pulcher Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2018: 514, f. 7A-D (f)

Epicadus rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1924 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:030370

Epicadus rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1924a: 280 (Df) Original description

Epicadus pallidus Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 97 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:030368]

Epicadus rubripes Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 96, f. 45 (f)

Epicadus rubripes Silva-Moreira & Machado, 2016: 292, f. 1D-F, 7-10, 15G-I, 16E-F (Dm, f, S of Epicadus pallidus)

Epicadus stelloides (Walckenaer, 1837) | | Puerto Rico, Virgin Is., Venezuela, Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031170

Thomisus stelloides Walckenaer, 1837: 514 (Df) Original description

Stephanopis stelloides Keyserling, 1880: 173, pl. 3, f. 95 (f)

Metatobias stelloides F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900: 161, pl. 11, f. 1 (f)

Stephanopis stelloides Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 55, f. 175-176 (f)

Stephanopis trilobata Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 56, f. 136 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031172]

Tobias caudatus Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 88, f. 187-188 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031754]

Stephanopis solobrensis Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 39, f. 138-139 (m, f is Kryptochroma parahybana) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031166]

Tobias caudatus Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2015: 567, f. 1-11 (f, Dm)

Epicadus caudatus Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448, f. 3A, S2B, S5D,F, S9C, S10A,F, S15A (f, T from Tobias)

Epicadus stelloides Machado et al., 2021: 66, f. (mf, T from Stephanopis, S of Epicadus caudatus, Stephanopis salobrensis and S. trilobata)

Epicadus taczanowskii (Roewer, 1951) | | Hispaniola, Costa Rica, Panama to Peru, Bolivia, Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031766

Thomisus rugosus Taczanowski, 1872: 95 (Dmf; preoccupied by Walckenaer, 1805, see Phrynarachne rugosa) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:066257]

Stephanopis rugosa Keyserling, 1880: 177, pl. 4, f. 97 (mf)

Tobias rugosus Simon, 1895a: 1051

Tobias rugosus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900: 161, pl. 10, f. 37-38 (mf)

Tobias taczanowskii Roewer, 1951: 448 (replacement name) Original description

Epicadus taczanowskii Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448, f. 2D-E, S11C, S14E, S15B,F (m, T from Tobias)

Epicadus camelinus Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448, f. S12B (m; misidentified per Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2018: 507)

Epicadus taczanowskii Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2018: 516, f. 8A-D, 9A-D, 14E-F, 16A (mf)

Epicadus taczanowskii Carvalho & Gasnier, 2019: CB50, f. 241-242 (m)

Epicadus taczanowskii Machado & Teixeira, 2021: 300, f. 10c, 11c, 15f, 20d (m)

Epicadus tigrinus Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2018 | | Costa Rica, Panama urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:050055

Epicadus tigrinus Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2018: 519, f. 10A-D, 11A-D (Dmf) Original description

Epicadus trituberculatus (Taczanowski, 1872) | | Mexico, Panama, Peru, Bolivia, French Guiana, Brazil, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031767

Thomisus trituberculatus Taczanowski, 1872: 92, pl. 4, f. 7 (Dmf) Original description

Tobias trituberculatus Simon, 1895a: 1047, f. 1029

Tobias paraguayensis Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 91, f. 191-195 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031762]

Epicadus planus Mello-Leitão, 1932c: 73 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:030369]

Epicadus nigronotatus Mello-Leitão, 1940d: 213 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:030367]

Epicadus planus Silva-Moreira & Machado, 2016: 297, f. 1G-I, 11-14, 15D-F (Dm, f, S of Epicadus nigronotatus)

Epicadus trituberculatus Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448 (T from Tobias, S of Tobias paraguayensis and Epicadus planus)

Epicadus trituberculatus Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2018: 522, f. 12A-D, 13A-D, 16F (mf)

Epicadus trituberculatus Machado & Teixeira, 2021: 301, f. 11h, 15h, 17h, 19a (mf)

Epicadus tuberculatus (Petrunkevitch, 1910) | | Panama, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:030361

Epicadinus tuberculatus Petrunkevitch, 1910: 216, pl. 22, f. 20-22 (Df) [subadult per do Prado, Baptista & Machado, 2018: 231] Original description

Tobias monstrosus Simon in Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 87, f. 185-186 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031761]

Tobias pustulosus Mello-Leitão, 1929d: 86, f. 183-184 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031764]

Stephanopis aheneus Soares & Soares, 1946: 57, f. 5-6 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:031113]

Tobias pustulosus Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2015: 570, f. 12-24 (f, Dm, S of Tobias monstrosus)

Epicadus pustulosus Machado, Teixeira & Lise, 2017: 448 (T from Tobias)

Epicadus tuberculatus do Prado, Baptista & Machado, 2018: 231, f. 14A-D (subadult f, T from Epicadinus, S of E. pustulosus)

Epicadus tuberculatus Machado et al., 2021: 63, f. 23A-D (m, S of Stephanopis ahenea)