Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892

Family |   ACCEPTED
N.B.: the names Gnaphosae and Gnaphosi were used firstly at tribe level by Banks, 1892d: 92, 94 and thus Banks, 1892 is the valid authorship and year for the family, not Pocock, 1898c: 219; for the family name Drassidae Sundevall, 1833 see Simon, 1893a: 340 and Bonnet, 1956: 1554. Family relimited by Platnick, 1990a: 35 and Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612; most genera listed by Brignoli, 1983c under Micariinae are treated here under Corinnidae and Phrurolithidae. Prodidomidae revalidated by Platnick, 1990a: 36 to include the former Prodidominae, Molycriinae and Anagraphidinae; Anagraphidinae transferred from Prodidomidae to Gnaphosidae by Platnick & Baehr, 2006: 5; Prodidomidae downgraded to subfamily of Gnaphosidae by Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 613 (synonyms: Molycriinae Simon, 1897 and Theuminae Simon, 1893), redefined by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 694 and elevated to familiy rank again by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12 (without Molycriinae); Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612 distinguish several well definded clades within Gnaphosidae (Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, Zelotinae Platnick, 1990, Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, Drassodinae Simon, 1893, Prodidominae Simon, 1884 and Leptodrassinae Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018) and state three monogeneric subfamilies, Anagraphidinae Simon, 1893 (type genus Anagraphis), Echeminae Simon, 1893 (type genus Echemus) and Micariinae Banks, 1892 (type genus Micaria), which do not perform a grouping function; Micaria Westring 1851, Nauhea Forster, 1979 and Verita Ramirez & Grismado, 2015 (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, and many genera are not assigned to a subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships (Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 614); the subfamily Molycriinae Simon, 1897 is re-established by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 682 (includes Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra); Lin & Li, 2020e: 313 described the new subfamily Solitudinae, with the single genus Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020; Micariidae is regarded as a separate family (sister to Cithaeronidae) by Breitling, 2021: 19, but without listing the genera, which should belong to it, and it is also not accepted because it is based mainly on COI, see FAQ 7; Ammoxenidae (Ammoxenus, Austrammo, Barrowammo, Rastellus) are synonymized with Gnaphosidae by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 520, f. 19.

In synonymy:

Taieria Forster, 1979 = Zelanda Özdikmen, 2009 (Özdikmen, 2009: 122, preoccupied, replacement name)

Homonym replaced:

Taieria Forster, 1979 -- see Zelanda Özdikmen, 2009

Gen. Zelanda Özdikmen, 2009 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:03880
N.B.: replacement name for Taieria Forster, 1979: 48 [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02485], preoccupied in fossil Gastropoda by Finlay & Marwick, 1937.

In synonymy:

Zelanda ochropus (L. Koch, 1873, T from Drassus) = Zelanda erebus L. Koch, 1873 (Dalmas, 1917a: 348, sub Megamyrmecion)

Zelanda elongata (Forster, 1979) | | New Zealand urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027998
Taieria elongata Forster, 1979: 50, f. 208, 220-223 (Dmf) Original description
Zelanda elongata Özdikmen, 2009: 122 (T from Taieria)
Zelanda elongata Zakharov & Ovtsharenko, 2022: 270, f. 6, 62-66, 142-144, 179-180 (mf)
Zelanda erebus (L. Koch, 1873) | | New Zealand urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027999
Drassus erebus L. Koch, 1873: 387, pl. 30, f. 5 (Dm) Original description
Drassus ochropus L. Koch, 1873: 390, pl. 30, f. 7 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027998]
Megamyrmecion erebum Dalmas, 1917a: 348, f. 26-27 (mf, T from Drassus, S of Drassus ochropus)
Taieria erebus Forster, 1979: 49, f. 14, 167, 170-172, 175, 181, 185, 212-219 (mf, T from Megamyrmaekion)
Taieria erebus Murphy, 2007: 50, f. 380-381 (mf)
Zelanda erebus Özdikmen, 2009: 123 (T from Taieria)
Zelanda erebus Paquin, Vink & Dupérré, 2010: 77, f. 47.1, 4 (f)
Zelanda erebus Zakharov & Ovtcharenko, 2011: 331, f. 4a-c (m)
Zelanda erebus Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018a: 684, f. 7D, 9C (f)
Zelanda erebus Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 604, f. 9h, 19l, S8l, S10l (f)
Zelanda erebus Zakharov & Ovtsharenko, 2022: 267, f. 1-2, 4, 7-8, 12, 15-17, 19-24, 57-61, 139-141, 177-178 (mf)
Zelanda kaituna (Forster, 1979) | | New Zealand urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028000
Taieria kaituna Forster, 1979: 52, f. 224-227 (Dmf) Original description
Zelanda kaituna Özdikmen, 2009: 123 (T from Taieria)
Zelanda kaituna Zakharov & Ovtsharenko, 2022: 271, f. 9-10, 13, 25-26, 67-71, 181-182 (mf)
Zelanda miranda (Forster, 1979) | | New Zealand urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028001
Taieria miranda Forster, 1979: 54, f. 234-239 (Dmf) Original description
Zelanda miranda Özdikmen, 2009: 123 (T from Taieria)
Zelanda miranda Zakharov & Ovtsharenko, 2022: 272, f. 78-82, 185-186 (mf)
Zelanda obtusa (Forster, 1979) | | New Zealand urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028002
Taieria obtusa Forster, 1979: 53, f. 228-233 (Dmf) Original description
Zelanda obtusa Özdikmen, 2009: 123 (T from Taieria)
Zelanda obtusa Zakharov & Ovtsharenko, 2022: 272, f. 72-77, 145-147, 183-184 (mf)
Zelanda titirangia (Ovtsharenko, Fedoryak & Zakharov, 2006) | | New Zealand urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:040629
Taieria titirangia Ovtsharenko, Fedoryak [Fedoriak] & Zakharov, 2006: 92, f. 4A-C (Dm) Original description
Zelanda titirangia Özdikmen, 2009: 123 (T from Taieria)
Zelanda titirangia Zakharov & Ovtsharenko, 2022: 273, f. 83-85, 148-150 (m)

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