World Spider Catalog

Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: the names Gnaphosae and Gnaphosi were used firstly at tribe level by Banks, 1892d: 92, 94 and thus Banks, 1892 is the valid authorship and year for the family, not Pocock, 1898c: 219; for the family name Drassidae Sundevall, 1833 see Simon, 1893a: 340 and Bonnet, 1956: 1554. Family relimited by Platnick, 1990a: 35 and Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612; most genera listed by Brignoli, 1983c under Micariinae are treated here under Corinnidae and Phrurolithidae. Prodidomidae revalidated by Platnick, 1990a: 36 to include the former Prodidominae, Molycriinae and Anagraphidinae; Anagraphidinae transferred from Prodidomidae to Gnaphosidae by Platnick & Baehr, 2006: 5; Prodidomidae downgraded to subfamily of Gnaphosidae by Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 613 (synonyms: Molycriinae Simon, 1897 and Theuminae Simon, 1893), redefined by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 694 and elevated to familiy rank again by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12 (without Molycriinae); Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612 distinguish several well definded clades within Gnaphosidae (Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, Zelotinae Platnick, 1990, Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, Drassodinae Simon, 1893, Prodidominae Simon, 1884 and Leptodrassinae Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018) and state three monogeneric subfamilies, Anagraphidinae Simon, 1893 (type genus Anagraphis), Echeminae Simon, 1893 (type genus Echemus) and Micariinae Banks, 1892 (type genus Micaria), which do not perform a grouping function; Micaria Westring 1851, Nauhea Forster, 1979 and Verita Ramirez & Grismado, 2015 (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, and many genera are not assigned to a subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships (Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 614); the subfamily Molycriinae Simon, 1897 is re-established by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 682 (includes Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra); Lin & Li, 2020e: 313 described the new subfamily Solitudinae, with the single genus Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020; Micariidae is regarded as a separate family (sister to Cithaeronidae) by Breitling, 2021: 19, but without listing the genera, which should belong to it, and it is also not accepted because it is based mainly on COI, see FAQ 7; Ammoxenidae (Ammoxenus, Austrammo, Barrowammo, Rastellus) are synonymized with Gnaphosidae by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 520, f. 19.

Gen. Urozelotes Mello-Leitão, 1938 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02495

N.B.: regarded as subgenus of Zelotes Gistel, 1848 by Wunderlich, 2023: 62.

Transferred to other genera:

Urozelotes pawani (Gajbe, 1993) -- see Xizangiana

Urozelotes yutian (Platnick & Song, 1986) -- see Zelotes

In synonymy:

Urozelotes abdalbus (Chamberlin, 1936, T from Drassyllus) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 8, sub Zelotes)

Urozelotes agelastus (Keyserling, 1891, T from Latonigena) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 25)

Urozelotes amnicola (Tucker, 1923, T from Camillina) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 25)

Urozelotes blandus (Banks, 1892, T from Drassyllus) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 8, sub Zelotes)

Urozelotes blepharotrichus (Strand, 1915, T from Scotophaeus) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Levy, 1998c: 143, sub Zelotes)

Urozelotes cardiogynus Mello-Leitão, 1938 = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 25)

Urozelotes completus (Banks, 1898, T from Zelotes) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 25)

Urozelotes femoralis (Banks, 1904, T from Drassyllus) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Millidge & Locket, 1955: 171, sub Zelotes)

Urozelotes gigas (Schmidt, 1973, T from Camillina) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 25)

Urozelotes keyserlingi (Roewer, 1951, T from Zelotes) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 25)

Urozelotes liopus (Chamberlin, 1922, T from Drassyllus) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 8, sub Zelotes)

Urozelotes luteus (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899, T from Zelotes) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 25)

Urozelotes magister (Chamberlin, 1933, T from Haplodrassus) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 8, sub Zelotes)

Urozelotes malodes (Tikader, 1962, T from Drassodes) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 26)

Urozelotes pacificus (Simon, 1899, T from Zelotes) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 25)

Urozelotes pater (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906, T from Drassodes) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Kamura, 1998: 170)

Urozelotes paulistus (Roewer, 1951, T from Zelotes) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 25)

Urozelotes porteri (Simon, 1904, T from Zelotes) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 25)

Urozelotes rotundifoveatus (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906, T from Drassodes) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Kamura, 1998: 170)

Urozelotes scutatus (Mello-Leitão, 1939, T from Zelotes) = Urozelotes rusticus L. Koch, 1872 (Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 25)

Urozelotes clarus (Wunderlich, 2023) | | Portugal urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:059450

Zelotes (Urozelotes) clarus Wunderlich, 2023: 64, f. 139-144 (Dm) Original description

Urozelotes kabenge FitzPatrick, 2005 | | Zambia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:040630

Urozelotes kabenge FitzPatrick, 2005: 239, f. 7-10 (Dmf) Original description

Urozelotes mysticus Platnick & Murphy, 1984 | | Italy urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028050

Urozelotes mysticus Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 27, f. 59-62 (Dmf) Original description

Urozelotes mysticus Trotta, 2005: 166, f. 289-290 (mf)

Urozelotes patulusus Sankaran & Sebastian, 2018 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:050423

Urozelotes patulusus Sankaran & Sebastian, 2018d: 1739, f. 1c-d, 4a-e (Dmf) Original description

Urozelotes rusticus (L. Koch, 1872) | | Probably native to Europe/Mediterranean to temperate Asia. Introduced to both Americas, tropical Africa, Australia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028051

Melanophora rustica Canestrini & Pavesi, 1870: 27 (nomen nudum)

Prosthesima rustica L. Koch, 1872b: 309 (Df) Original description

Drassus razoumowskyi Pavesi, 1873a: 123, f. 3 (Dm)

Drassus cerdo Thorell, 1875a: 97 (Dm)

Drassus cerdo Thorell, 1875c: 90 (Dm)

Prosthesima larifuga Simon, 1878a: 90, pl. 14, f. 22 (Dm)

Prosthesima rustica Simon, 1878a: 93 (m)

Prosthesima pallida Keyserling, 1878a: 602, pl. 14, f. 22 (Df; preoccupied by O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1874, see Zelotes tenuis)

Prosthesima rustica Bertkau, 1880b: 263, pl. 6, f. 3 (mf)

Drassus agelastus Keyserling, 1891: 35, pl. 1, f. 14 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056810]

Prosthesima blanda Banks, 1892a: 18, pl. 1, f. 57 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056812]

Prosthesima minima Banks, 1892a: 19, pl. 4, f. 69 (Df)

Prosthesima rustica Chyzer & Kulczyński, 1897: 207, pl. 8, f. 4 (f)

Prosthesima completa Banks, 1898b: 219, pl. 13, f. 22 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056815]

Prosthesima lutea F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899a: 57, pl. 4, f. 16 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056820]

Melanophora pacifica Simon, 1899b: 412 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056823]

Prosthesima rustica Bösenberg, 1902: 313, pl. 29, f. 462 (mf)

Zelotes femoralis Banks, 1904b: 336, pl. 38, f. 1 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056816]

Melanophora porteri Simon, 1904e: 89 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056826]

Drassodes pater Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 119, pl. 16, f. 483 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056824]

Drassodes rotundifoveatus Bösenberg & Strand, 1906: 120, pl. 16, f. 484 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056827]

Prosthesima rustica O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1906a: 43, pl. B, f. 1 (f)

Melanophora rustica orientalis Simon, 1909e: 77 (Df)

Drassodes agelastus Petrunkevitch, 1911: 137

Zelotes blandus Petrunkevitch, 1911: 148

Zelotes completus Petrunkevitch, 1911: 148

Zelotes luteus Petrunkevitch, 1911: 150

Zelotes pallidus Petrunkevitch, 1911: 150

Zelotes porteri Petrunkevitch, 1911: 151

Zelotes razoumowskyi Simon, 1914: 156, 165, 218, f. 294, 341 (mf)

Scotophaeus blepharotrichus Strand, 1915c: 139 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056813]

Drassyllus blandus Chamberlin, 1922: 167

Drassyllus femoralis Chamberlin, 1922: 170

Drassyllus liopus Chamberlin, 1922: 170 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056819]

Camillina amnicola Tucker, 1923: 336, pl. 10, f. 56 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056811]

Haplodrassus magister Chamberlin, 1933a: 6, f. 11-12 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056821]

Drassyllus abdalbus Chamberlin, 1936b: 15, f. 31-32 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056809]

Zelotes rusticus Reimoser, 1937a: 36, f. 60, 74 (mf)

Urozelotes cardiogynus Mello-Leitão, 1938a: 111, f. 30 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056814]

Zelotes scutatus Mello-Leitão, 1939f: 529, f. 14-15 (Dm; preoccupied by O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872, see Zelotes scrutatus) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056828]

Latonigena agelasta Mello-Leitão, 1943a: 216 (T from Drassodes)

Zelotes razoumovskyi Denis, 1947a: 60, pl. 3, f. 7 (f)

Drassyllus femoralis Kaston, 1948: 360, f. 1220-1222 (f, Dm)

Zelotes keyserlingi Roewer, 1951: 444 (replacement name for Prosthesima pallida Keyserling, 1878) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056818]

Zelotes paulistus Roewer, 1951: 444 (replacement name for Zelotes scutatus Mello-Leitão, 1939) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056825]

Zelotes rusticus Locket & Millidge, 1951: 112, f. 57A-B, E (mf)

Zelotes razoumovskyi Denis, 1952f: 121, f. 16-18 (mf)

Zelotes rusticus Millidge & Locket, 1955: 171 (S of Drassyllus femoralis)

Gnaphosa scutata Roewer, 1955c: 369 (lapsus for Zelotes scutatus)

Drassodes agelasius Roewer, 1955c: 396 (lapsus)

Zelotes rusticus Buchar, 1961: 90, f. 1C (f)

Zelotes rusticus Oltean, 1962: 576, f. 1 (f)

Zelotes rusticus Jézéquel, 1962b: 603, f. 25 (f)

Drassodes malodes Tikader, 1962e: 572, f. 2a-c (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056822]

Zelotes rusticus Brændegaard, 1966: 113, f. 96 (f)

Zelotes rusticus Tystshenko, 1971: 101, f. 213 (f)

Camillina gigas Schmidt, 1973: 362, f. 3 (Df; not m, f. 4a-b = Setaphis gomerae) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:056817]

Zelotes rusticus Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 8 (S of Drassyllus abdalbus, D. blandus, D. liopus and Haplodrassus magister)

Zelotes rusticus Shinkai & Hara, 1975: 17, f. 1 (f)

Zelotes scutatus Platnick & Shadab, 1975a: 5 (T from Gnaphosa)

Zelotes rusticus Shinkai, 1977: 333, f. 15 (f)

Zelotes rusticus Shinkai, 1978: 103, f. 43-44 (mf)

Zelotes rusticus Paik, 1978e: 425, f. 192.1-3 (f)

Drassodes malodes Tikader & Biswas, 1981: 66, f. 112-114 (f)

Drassodes malodes Tikader, 1982b: 397, f. 230-232 (f)

Zelotes rusticus Hayashi, 1983a: 13, f. 16-23 (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Platnick & Murphy, 1984: 24, f. 55-58 (mf, T from Zelotes, S of Camillina amnicola, C. gigas, Latonigena agelasta, Drassodes malodes, Urozelotes cardiogynus, Zelotes completus, Z. keyserlingi, Z. luteus, Z. pacificus, Z. paulistus, Z. porteri and Z. scutatus)

Zelotes rusticus Grimm, 1985: 221, f. 217b, 218b, 244, 272-273 (mf)

Zelotes rusticus Roberts, 1985: 72, f. 26d (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Heiss & Allen, 1986: 52, f. 85-86 (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Platnick & Song, 1986: 20, f. 75-78 (mf)

Zelotes rusticus Yaginuma, 1986a: 191, f. 106.5 (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Paik, 1986d: 36, f. 53-63 (mf)

Zelotes rusticus Zhang, 1987: 188, f. 160 (f)

Zelotes rusticus Chikuni, 1989b: 120, f. 12 (mf)

Zelotes rusticus Heimer & Nentwig, 1991: 446, f. 1184 (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Platnick & Dondale, 1992: 138, f. 216-219 (mf)

Zelotes rusticus Noordam, 1992: 9 (mf)

Zelotes rusticus Roberts, 1995: 112, f. (mf)

Zelotes rusticus Roberts, 1998: 116, f. (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Kamura, 1998: 169 (S of Drassodes pater and D. rotundifoveatus)

Zelotes rusticus Levy, 1998c: 143, f. 108-111 (mf, S of Scotophaeus blepharotrichus)

Urozelotes rusticus Song, Zhu & Chen, 1999: 456, f. 265H, R (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Song, Zhu & Chen, 2001: 359, f. 234A-D (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Namkung, 2002: 485, f. 37.26a-b (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Namkung, 2003: 488, f. 37.26a-b (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004: 240, f. 140A-D (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Trotta, 2005: 166, f. 291-292 (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Jung et al., 2005: 197, f. 39-40, 77, 138-139 (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Murphy, 2007: 37, f. 192-193 (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Kamura, 2009: 493, f. 156-158 (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Crespo et al., 2009b: 344, f. 3a-c (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Wunderlich, 2011: 37, 404, f. 20-22, 11-12 (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Yin et al., 2012: 1206, f. 643a-f (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Kim & Lee, 2013: 135, f. 94A-E (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 672, f. 9E, 13D, 17A, 22A, 27A (m)

Urozelotes rusticus Dippenaar-Schoeman et al., 2021D: 30, 6 f. (mf)

Urozelotes rusticus Zhang, Peng & Zhang, 2022: 246, f. 181A-G (mf)

Urozelotes trifidus Tuneva, 2003 | | France, Russia (Europe) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:039285

Urozelotes trifidus Tuneva, 2003a: 95, f. 1-6 (Dmf) Original description

Urozelotes trifidus Milano et al., 2019: 37, f. 5A-D (mf)

Urozelotes trifidus Esyunin & Tuneva, 2020: 115, f. 21, 38-40 (mf)