World Spider Catalog

Gnaphosidae Banks, 1892

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: the names Gnaphosae and Gnaphosi were used firstly at tribe level by Banks, 1892d: 92, 94 and thus Banks, 1892 is the valid authorship and year for the family, not Pocock, 1898c: 219; for the family name Drassidae Sundevall, 1833 see Simon, 1893a: 340 and Bonnet, 1956: 1554. Family relimited by Platnick, 1990a: 35 and Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612; most genera listed by Brignoli, 1983c under Micariinae are treated here under Corinnidae and Phrurolithidae. Prodidomidae revalidated by Platnick, 1990a: 36 to include the former Prodidominae, Molycriinae and Anagraphidinae; Anagraphidinae transferred from Prodidomidae to Gnaphosidae by Platnick & Baehr, 2006: 5; Prodidomidae downgraded to subfamily of Gnaphosidae by Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 613 (synonyms: Molycriinae Simon, 1897 and Theuminae Simon, 1893), redefined by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 694 and elevated to familiy rank again by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12 (without Molycriinae); Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 612 distinguish several well definded clades within Gnaphosidae (Gnaphosinae Banks, 1892, Zelotinae Platnick, 1990, Herpyllinae Platnick, 1990, Drassodinae Simon, 1893, Prodidominae Simon, 1884 and Leptodrassinae Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018) and state three monogeneric subfamilies, Anagraphidinae Simon, 1893 (type genus Anagraphis), Echeminae Simon, 1893 (type genus Echemus) and Micariinae Banks, 1892 (type genus Micaria), which do not perform a grouping function; Micaria Westring 1851, Nauhea Forster, 1979 and Verita Ramirez & Grismado, 2015 (and some related genera) are probably not gnaphosids, and many genera are not assigned to a subfamily given their poorly supported and unstable relationships (Azevedo, Griswold & Santos, 2018b: 614); the subfamily Molycriinae Simon, 1897 is re-established by Rodrigues & Rheims, 2020b: 682 (includes Cryptotoerithus, Molycria, Myandra, Nomindra, Wesmaldra and Wydundra); Lin & Li, 2020e: 313 described the new subfamily Solitudinae, with the single genus Solitudes Lin & Li, 2020; Micariidae is regarded as a separate family (sister to Cithaeronidae) by Breitling, 2021: 19, but without listing the genera, which should belong to it, and it is also not accepted because it is based mainly on COI, see FAQ 7; Ammoxenidae (Ammoxenus, Austrammo, Barrowammo, Rastellus) are synonymized with Gnaphosidae by Azevedo et al., 2022: 12; the family is not monophyletic per Kulkarni, Wood & Hormiga, 2023: 520, f. 19.

Gen. Synaphosus Platnick & Shadab, 1980 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:02484

type Nodocion syntheticus Chamberlin, 1924; gender masculine

N.B.: probably polyphyletic.

Transferred to other genera:

Synaphosus parvioculi Wunderlich, 2022 -- see Zelotes

In synonymy:

Synaphosus kris Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 = Synaphosus evertsi Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 (Marusik & Omelko, 2018a: 242)

Synaphosus cangshanus Yang, Yang & Zhang, 2013 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:046475

Synaphosus cangshanus Yang, Yang & Zhang, 2013: 7, f. 1-16 (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus daweiensis Yin, Bao & Peng, 2002 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:039008

Synaphosus daweiensis Yin, Bao & Peng, 2002: 74, f. a-i (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus daweiensis Song, Zhu & Zhang, 2004: 229, f. 134A-E (mf)

Synaphosus daweiensis Yin et al., 2012: 1202, f. 641a-i (mf)

Synaphosus dubius Marusik & Omelko, 2018 | | Thailand urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:049954

Synaphosus dubius Marusik & Omelko, 2018a: 246, f. 46-49, 51 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus evertsi Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 | | Ivory Coast, China, Indonesia (Bali), Philippines urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027980

Synaphosus evertsi Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 12, f. 48-52 (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus kris Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: 537, f. 924-928 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:037350]

Synaphosus evertsi Marusik & Omelko, 2018a: 242, f. 16, 26-27, 42-45 (m, S of S. kris)

Synaphosus femininis Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 | | China, Laos, Indonesia (Java) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:037349

Synaphosus femininis Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: 538, f. 929-930 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus femininis Wang & Zhang, 2015: 438, f. 1-19 (f, Dm)

Synaphosus femininis Marusik & Omelko, 2018a: 236, f. 1-13 (mf)

Synaphosus gracillimus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) | | Egypt, Israel urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027981

Melanophora gracillima O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 247, pl. 16, f. 28 (Dm) Original description

Prosthesima gracillima Simon, 1878a: 99

Synaphosus gracillimus Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 18, f. 53-57 (Tmf from Zelotes)

Synaphosus intricatus (Denis, 1947) | | Algeria, Egypt urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027982

Zelotes intricatus Denis, 1947a: 61, pl. 4, f. 4 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus intricatus Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 21, f. 72-76 (Tf from Zelotes, Dm)

Synaphosus iunctus Sankaran & Sebastian, 2018 | | India urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:050422

Synaphosus iunctus Sankaran & Sebastian, 2018d: 1737, f. 1b, 3a-b (Df) Original description

Synaphosus jaegeri Marusik & Omelko, 2018 | | Laos urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:049952

Synaphosus jaegeri Marusik & Omelko, 2018a: 239, f. 14-15, 17-25, 32-34 (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus kakamega Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 | | Kenya urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027983

Synaphosus kakamega Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 26, f. 86-90 (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus karakumensis Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 | | Turkmenistan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027984

Synaphosus karakumensis Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 14, f. 35-37 (Dm) Original description

Synaphosus khashm Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 | | Saudi Arabia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027985

Synaphosus khashm Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 24, f. 84-85 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus lehtineni Marusik & Omelko, 2018 | | Indonesia (Sulawesi) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:049953

Synaphosus lehtineni Marusik & Omelko, 2018a: 246, f. 28-31, 35-41, 50, 52-53 (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus leiheng Lin & Li, 2023 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058822

Synaphosus leiheng Lin & Li, 2023b: 162, f. 16A-C, 17A-B, 20A-B (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus lijun Lin & Li, 2023 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:058823

Synaphosus lijun Lin & Li, 2023b: 165, f. 18A-C, 19A-B, 20C-D (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus makhambetensis Ponomarev, 2008 | | Kazakhstan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:041588

Synaphosus makhambetensis Ponomarev, 2008a: 58, f. 30 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus makhambetensis Kovblyuk et al., 2016: 42, f. 96-97 (f)

Synaphosus makhambetensis Marusik & Fomichev, 2016b: 437, f. 6, 34 (f)

Synaphosus martinezi Zamani, Chatzaki, Esyunin & Marusik, 2021 | | Iran urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:053239

Synaphosus martinezi Zamani et al., 2021a: 103, f. 22A-I, 23A-G (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus minimus (Caporiacco, 1936) | | Libya, Egypt urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027986

Zelotes minimus Caporiacco, 1936a: 114, f. 11 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus minimus Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 20, f. 67-71 (Tf from Zelotes, Dm)

Synaphosus mongolicus Marusik & Fomichev, 2016 | | Mongolia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:048801

Synaphosus mongolicus Marusik & Fomichev, 2016b: 434, f. 2, 35 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus nanus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872) | | Israel urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027987

Drassus nanus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1872: 237, pl. 15, f. 15 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus nanus Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 11, f. 38-39 (Tf from Drassodes)

Synaphosus neali Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 | | Iran, Pakistan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027988

Synaphosus neali Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 21, f. 77-81 (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus ovtsharenkoi Marusik & Fomichev, 2016 | | Mongolia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:048799

Synaphosus ovtsharenkoi Marusik & Fomichev, 2016b: 430, f. 1a-b, 7-18, 22-24 (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus palearcticus Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 | | Greece, Turkey, Ukraine, Caucasus, Russia (Europe) to Central Asia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027989

Synaphosus palearcticus Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 6, f. 3-5, 21-29 (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus palearcticus Chatzaki, Thaler & Mylonas, 2002b: 621, f. 50-52, 57-58 (mf)

Synaphosus palearcticus Namaghi et al., 2016: 19, f. 1d, 2g-h (m)

Synaphosus palearcticus Kovblyuk et al., 2016: 41, f. 94-95 (f)

Synaphosus palearcticus Marusik & Fomichev, 2016b: 437, f. 4, 28-30, 36-42 (mf)

Synaphosus palearcticus Seropian et al., 2024b: 190, f. 7-10 (mf)

Synaphosus paludis (Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1940) | | USA urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027990

Litopyllus paludis Chamberlin & Gertsch, 1940: 4, f. 22-23 (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus paludis Platnick & Shadab, 1980a: 24, f. 44-48 (Tm from Litopyllus, Df)

Synaphosus paludis Heiss & Allen, 1986: 59, f. 97-98 (mf)

Synaphosus paludis Breene et al., 1993: 89, f. 113A-C (mf)

Synaphosus parvus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1906) | | India? urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027720

Phaeocedus parvus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1906a: 57, pl. A, f. 1-3 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus parvus Sankaran, Caleb & Sebastian, 2020e: 1331, f. 4a-b (f, T from Phaeocedus)

Synaphosus raveni Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001 | | Thailand urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:037351

Synaphosus raveni Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001: 540, f. 931-933 (Dm) Original description

Synaphosus saidovi Marusik & Fomichev, 2016 | | Tajikistan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:048802

Synaphosus saidovi Marusik & Fomichev, 2016b: 436, f. 5, 25-27 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus sauvage Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 | | Portugal, Spain, France, Switzerland, Italy urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027991

Synaphosus sauvage Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 9, f. 30-34 (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus sauvage Trotta, 2005: 166, f. 293-294 (mf)

Synaphosus sauvage Murphy, 2007: 50, f. 378-379 (mf)

Synaphosus sauvage Cárdenas & Barrientos, 2011: 109, f. 4-7 (m)

Synaphosus shirin Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 | | Cyprus, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Iraq, Iran urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027992

Synaphosus shirin Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 23, f. 82-83 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus shirin Chatzaki & Russell-Smith, 2017: 248, f. 29-34 (Dm, f)

Synaphosus shirin Ponomarev, Snegovaya & Shmatko, 2019: 233, f. 1 (f)

Synaphosus shirin Bosmans et al., 2019b: 15, f. 7a-e (m)

Synaphosus shirin Danışman, Mamay & Sabuncu, 2020: 128, f. 1A-B, 2A-C, 3A-B (m)

Synaphosus shirin Al-Khazali, 2024: 17, f. 5A-E (m)

Synaphosus shmakovi Marusik & Fomichev, 2016 | | Mongolia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:048800

Synaphosus shmakovi Marusik & Fomichev, 2016b: 433, f. 3, 19, 21 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus soyunovi Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 | | Turkmenistan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027993

Synaphosus soyunovi Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 15, f. 40-42 (Dm) Original description

Synaphosus syntheticus (Chamberlin, 1924) | | Libya, Egypt, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iran. Introduced to Cape Verde, Ascension, USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027994 TYPE SPECIES

Nodocion syntheticus Chamberlin, 1924b: 614, f. 50-51 (Dmf) Original description

Zelotes syntheticus Ubick & Roth, 1973a: 8 (T from Nodocion)

Synaphosus syntheticus Platnick & Shadab, 1980a: 23, f. 40-43 (mf, T from Zelotes)

Synaphosus syntheticus Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 5, f. 1-2, 12-20 (mf)

Synaphosus syntheticus Zamani, Darvishnia & Marusik, 2023: 355, f. 7A, 8D (f)

Synaphosus syntheticus Sherwood et al., 2023g: 298, f. 5A-D (mf)

Synaphosus taukum Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 | | Kazakhstan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027995

Synaphosus taukum Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 11, f. 43-44 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus trichopus (Roewer, 1928) | | Greece (incl. Crete), Cyprus, Turkey urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:028419

Zelotes trichopus Roewer, 1928b: 110, pl. 1, f. 15 (Df) Original description

Synaphosus trichopus Chatzaki, Thaler & Mylonas, 2002b: 623, f. 53-54, 59-60 (Tf from Zelotes, Dm)

Synaphosus trichopus Danışman, Mamay & Sabuncu, 2020: 130, f. 4A-B, 5A-C, 6A-B (m)

Synaphosus turanicus Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 | | Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Central Asia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027996

Synaphosus turanicus Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 18, f. 6, 58-66 (Dmf) Original description

Synaphosus turanicus Marusik & Fomichev, 2016b: 438, f. 31-33, 43-50 (mf)

Synaphosus turanicus Seropian et al., 2024b: 190, f. 11-12 (f)

Synaphosus yatenga Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994 | | Burkina Faso urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:027997

Synaphosus yatenga Ovtsharenko, Levy & Platnick, 1994: 16, f. 45-47 (Dm) Original description