World Spider Catalog

Synotaxidae Simon, 1895

Family | ACCEPTED

N.B.: originally as Synotaxeae Simon, 1894a: 494 (based on a generic nomen nudum), genus and family name in fact validated by the description of Synotaxus turbinatus Simon, 1895g: 131; for a diagnosis and discussions of subfamilies, limits, and relationships, see Forster, Platnick & Coddington, 1990; with exception of Synotaxus, all other genera transferred from the Synotaxidae to the Physoglenidae by Dimitrov et al., 2017: 24; four genera transferred from the Theridiidae (Tekellina) and Nesticidae (Gaucelmus, Hamus, Nescina; confirmed by Eskov & Marusik, 2023: 344) to the Synotaxidae by Ramírez et al., 2022: 81.

Transferred to other families:

Calcarsynotaxus Wunderlich, 1995 -- see Physoglenidae

Chileotaxus Platnick, 1990 -- see Physoglenidae

Mangua Forster, 1990 -- see Physoglenidae

Meringa Forster, 1990 -- see Physoglenidae

Microsynotaxus Wunderlich, 2008 -- see Physoglenidae

Nomaua Forster, 1990 -- see Physoglenidae

Pahora Forster, 1990 -- see Physoglenidae

Pahoroides Forster, 1990 -- see Physoglenidae

Paratupua Platnick, 1990 -- see Physoglenidae

Physoglenes Simon, 1904 -- see Physoglenidae

Runga Forster, 1990 -- see Physoglenidae

Tupua Platnick, 1990 -- see Physoglenidae

Zeatupua Fitzgerald & Sirvid, 2009 -- see Physoglenidae

Gen. Gaucelmus Keyserling, 1884 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:00658

N.B.: removed from the synonymy of Nesticus Thorell, 1870 by Gertsch, 1971: 96; transferred from the Nesticidae to the Synotaxidae by Ramírez et al., 2022: 81 (confirmed by Eskov & Marusik, 2023: 344).

In synonymy:

Gaucelmus eigenmanni (Banks, 1902, T from Theridion) = Gaucelmus augustinus Keyserling, 1884 (Levi, 1957a: 21)

Gaucelmus santaanae (Kraus, 1955) = Gaucelmus augustinus Keyserling, 1884 (Gertsch, 1984: 6)

Gaucelmus augustinus Keyserling, 1884 | | North, Central America, Caribbean urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:006586

Gaucelmus augustinus Keyserling, 1884a: 99, pl. 5, f. 65 (Df) Original description

Nesticus augustinus Simon, 1895a: 779

Theridion eigenmanni Banks, 1902b: 97 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:040430]

Theridion santaanae Kraus, 1955b: 16, f. 31-33 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:040431]

Gaucelmus augustinus Levi, 1957a: 21 (S of Theridion eigenmanni)

Gaucelmus augustinus Gertsch, 1971: 96 (T from Nesticus)

Gaucelmus augustinus Brignoli, 1979c: 438, f. 6-7 (f)

Gaucelmus santaanae Brignoli, 1979c: 439 (T from Theridion)

Gaucelmus augustinus Roth, 1982: 31-1, f. 1-2, 7 (mf)

Gaucelmus augustinus Gertsch, 1984: 6, f. 2-11, 15-16, 23-25 (mf, S of Theridion santaanae)

Gaucelmus augustinus Roth, 1985: B27-2, f. 1-2, 7 (mf)

Gaucelmus augustinus Roth, 1994: 137, f. 1-2 (mf)

Gaucelmus calidus Gertsch, 1971 | | Mexico, Guatemala urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:006587

Gaucelmus calidus Gertsch, 1971: 96, f. 149-150 (Dmf) Original description

Gaucelmus calidus Brignoli, 1972i: 147, f. 34-39 (mf)

Gaucelmus calidus Gertsch, 1984: 13, f. 12-13, 19-20, 29-31 (mf)

Gaucelmus calidus Ramírez et al., 2022: 88, f. 13A-D (m)

Gaucelmus cavernicola (Petrunkevitch, 1910) | | Jamaica urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:006588

Theridionexus cavernicolus Petrunkevitch, 1910: 209, pl. 21, f. 6-7, pl. 22, f. 30-34, 37 (Dmf) Original description

Gaucelmus cavernicola Lehtinen & Saaristo, 1980: 52 (Tmf from Nesticus)

Gaucelmus cavernicola Gertsch, 1984: 11, f. 14, 17-18, 26-28 (mf)

Gaucelmus pygmaeus Gertsch, 1984 | | Panama urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:006589

Gaucelmus pygmaeus Gertsch, 1984: 15, f. 298 (Dm) Original description

Gaucelmus strinatii Brignoli, 1979 | | Guatemala urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:006590

Gaucelmus strinatii Brignoli, 1979c: 437, f. 5, 8 (Df) Original description

Gaucelmus tropicus Gertsch, 1984 | | Panama urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:006591

Gaucelmus tropicus Gertsch, 1984: 15, f. 21-22, 32-34 (Dmf) Original description

Gen. Hamus Ballarin & Li, 2015 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:04271

N.B.: transferred from the Nesticidae to the Synotaxidae by Ramírez et al., 2022: 81 (confirmed by Eskov & Marusik, 2023: 344).

Hamus bowoensis Ballarin & Li, 2015 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:047726

Hamus bowoensis Ballarin & Li, 2015: 180, f. 1A-D, 2A-F (Dmf) Original description

Hamus cornutus Lin, Ballarin & Li, 2016 | | China, Laos urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:048820

Hamus cornutus Lin, Ballarin & Li, 2016: 10, f. 1A-D, 2A-G (Dmf) Original description

Hamus kangdingensis Lin, Ballarin & Li, 2016 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:048821

Hamus kangdingensis Lin, Ballarin & Li, 2016: 11, f. 3A-G (Dm) Original description

Hamus luzon Lin, Ballarin & Li, 2016 | | Philippines urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:048822

Hamus luzon Lin, Ballarin & Li, 2016: 15, f. 4A-F (Df) Original description

Hamus mangunensis Lin, Ballarin & Li, 2016 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:048823

Hamus mangunensis Lin, Ballarin & Li, 2016: 17, f. 5A-D (Dm) Original description

Gen. Nescina Ballarin & Li, 2015 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:04272

N.B.: transferred from the Nesticidae to the Synotaxidae by Ramírez et al., 2022: 81 (confirmed by Eskov & Marusik, 2023: 344).

Nescina kohi Lin, Ballarin & Li, 2016 | | Singapore urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:048824

Nescina kohi Lin, Ballarin & Li, 2016: 20, f. 6A-D, 7A-G (Dmf) Original description

Nescina minuta Ballarin & Li, 2015 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:047727

Nescina minuta Ballarin & Li, 2015: 183, f. 3A-D, 4A-F (Dmf) Original description

Gen. Synotaxus Simon, 1895 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:00650

N.B.: transferred from the Theridiidae to the Synotaxidae by Forster, Platnick & Coddington, 1990: 96.

In synonymy:

Synotaxus anomalus (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936) = Synotaxus turbinatus Simon, 1895 (Exline & Levi, 1965: 179)

Synotaxus pupularum Exline & Levi, 1965 = Synotaxus monoceros Caporiacco, 1947 (Agnarsson, 2003: 726)

Synotaxus uncatus Simon, 1895 = Synotaxus longicaudatus Keyserling, 1891 (Exline & Levi, 1965: 181)

Synotaxus wallsi Exline, 1950 = Synotaxus turbinatus Simon, 1895 (Exline & Levi, 1965: 179)

Synotaxus bonaldoi Santos & Rheims, 2005 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:039754

Synotaxus bonaldoi Santos & Rheims, 2005: 5, f. 2, 7-10 (Dmf) Original description

Synotaxus brescoviti Santos & Rheims, 2005 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:039755

Synotaxus brescoviti Santos & Rheims, 2005: 2, f. 1, 3-6 (Dmf) Original description

Synotaxus ecuadorensis Exline, 1950 | | Costa Rica to Ecuador urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:006538

Synotaxus ecuadorensis Exline, 1950a: 120, 3, 13 (Dm) Original description

Synotaxus ecuadorensis Exline & Levi, 1965: 182, f. 22-27 (m, Df)

Synotaxus itabaiana Santos & Rheims, 2005 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:039756

Synotaxus itabaiana Santos & Rheims, 2005: 9, f. 15-18 (Dmf) Original description

Synotaxus jaraguari Souza, Brescovit & Araujo, 2017 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:049515

Synotaxus jaraguari Souza, Brescovit & Araujo, 2017: 141, f. 1, 2A-F, 3A-D, 4A-D (Dmf) Original description

Synotaxus leticia Exline & Levi, 1965 | | Colombia urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:006539

Synotaxus leticia Exline & Levi, 1965: 183, f. 33-34 (Dm) Original description

Synotaxus longicaudatus (Keyserling, 1891) | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:006540

Argyrodes longicaudatus Keyserling, 1891: 209, pl. 8, f. 150 (Dmf) Original description

Synotaxus uncatus Simon, 1894a: 495, f. 495-497 (nomen nudum)

Synotaxus uncatus Simon, 1895g: 131 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:055831]

Synotaxus longicaudatus Exline & Levi, 1965: 181, f. 16-21 (mf, S of Synotaxus uncatus)

Synotaxus monoceros (Caporiacco, 1947) | | Trinidad, Guyana, Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:006541

Argyrodina monoceros Caporiacco, 1947a: 24 (Dm) Original description

Conopistha monoceros Caporiacco, 1948a: 649, f. 57-59 (m, T from Argyrodina = Argyrodes)

Synotaxus pupularum Exline & Levi, 1965: 183, f. 28-29 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:006542]

Synotaxus monoceros Exline & Levi, 1965: 184, f. 30-32 (m, T from Conopistha = Argyrodes)

Synotaxus monoceros Agnarsson, 2003: 726, f. 2A-F, 3A-I, 5F, 6B, D (mf, S of Synotaxus pupularum)

Synotaxus monoceros Agnarsson, 2004: 516, f. 1A-B, 89C (m)

Synotaxus monoceros Jocqué & Dippenaar-Schoeman, 2006: 242, f. 98f-g (m)

Synotaxus monoceros Agnarsson, Coddington & Knoflach, 2007: 384, f. 189-190, 197 (m)

Synotaxus siolii Santos & Rheims, 2005 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:039757

Synotaxus siolii Santos & Rheims, 2005: 7, f. 11-14 (Dmf) Original description

Synotaxus turbinatus Simon, 1895 | | Panama to Ecuador urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:006543

Synotaxus turbinatus Simon, 1894a: 495 (nomen nudum)

Synotaxus turbinatus Simon, 1895g: 131 (Dm) Original description

Rhomphaea anomala Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936a: 41, pl. 10, f. 80 (Df) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:055830]

Synotaxus anomalus Exline, 1950a: 111 (T from Rhomphaea = Argyrodes)

Synotaxus wallsi Exline, 1950a: 121, 2, 9-12 (Dmf) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:055832]

Synotaxus turbinatus Exline & Levi, 1965: 179, f. 1-15 (mf, S of Synotaxus anomalus and S. wallsi)

Synotaxus turbinatus Forster, Platnick & Coddington, 1990: 96, f. 333-335, 378 (m)

Synotaxus turbinatus Coddington, 1990: 18, f. 89 (m)

Synotaxus turbinatus Griswold et al., 1998: 70, f. 19C (m)

Synotaxus waiwai Agnarsson, 2003 | | Guyana, Brazil, Paraguay urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:038509

Synotaxus waiwai Agnarsson, 2003: 731, f. 2G-M, 4A-I, 5A-E, G-H, 6A, C (Dmf) Original description

Synotaxus waiwai Agnarsson, 2004: 516, f. 1C-D (m)

Synotaxus waiwai Agnarsson, Coddington & Knoflach, 2007: 384, f. 191 (m)

Gen. Tekellina Levi, 1957 urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidergen:00723

NB: familiar placement uncertain after Marusik & Omelko, 2017d: 168; transferred from the Theridiidae to the Synotaxidae by Ramírez et al., 2022: 81.

In synonymy:

Tekellina pretiosa Marques & Buckup, 1993 = Tekellina guaiba Marques & Buckup, 1993 (Estol et al., 2024: 164)

Tekellina araucana Marusik, Eskov & Ramírez, 2022 | | Chile, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:055826

Tekellina araucana Marusik, Eskov & Ramírez in Ramírez et al., 2022: 82, f. 2A-E, 3A-D, 4A-D, 5A-J, 6A-F, 7A-G, 8A-B, 9A-F, 10A-C (Dmf) Original description

Tekellina archboldi Levi, 1957 | | USA, Mexico urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:008173

Tekellina archboldi Levi, 1957d: 107, f. 7-12 (Dmf) Original description

Tekellina archboldi Levi & Levi, 1962: 52, f. 196-197 (m)

Tekellina archboldi Levi & Randolph, 1975: 41, f. 27-28 (m)

Tekellina archboldi Roth, 1982: 47-10, f. 27-28 (m)

Tekellina archboldi Roth, 1985: B43-8, f. 27-28 (m)

Tekellina archboldi Roth, 1994: 182, f. 28 (m)

Tekellina archboldi Estol et al., 2024: 158, f. 1A-G (mf)

Tekellina bella Marques & Buckup, 1993 | | Bolivia, Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:008174

Tekellina bella Marques & Buckup, 1993: 128, f. 9-12 (Dmf) Original description

Tekellina bella Estol et al., 2024: 159, f. 2A-C, 3A-B, 5A-B, F, 8A-C (mf)

Tekellina crica Marques & Buckup, 1993 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:008175

Tekellina crica Marques & Buckup, 1993: 127, f. 1-4 (Dmf) Original description

Tekellina crica Estol et al., 2024: 162, f. 2D-F, 3C-E, 5C-E, 8D-F (mf)

Tekellina guaiba Marques & Buckup, 1993 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:008176

Tekellina guaiba Marques & Buckup, 1993: 127, f. 5-6 (Df) Original description

Tekellina pretiosa Marques & Buckup, 1993: 129, f. 13-14 (Dm) [urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:008178]

Tekellina guaiba Buckup & Marques, 1996: 61, f. 26 (f)

Tekellina guaiba Estol et al., 2024: 164, f. 2J-L, 4C-E, 7A-F, 8J-L (mf, S of Tekellina pretiosa)

Tekellina haosiwen Lin & Li, 2024 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:059747

Tekellina haosiwen Lin & Li in Lin et al., 2024a: 66, f. 57A, 58A, 59A, 60A-B (Dmf) Original description

Tekellina helixicis Gao & Li, 2014 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:046697

Tekellina helixicis Gao & Li, 2014: 90, f. 71A-D, 72A-C, 73A-E, 74A-D (Dmf) Original description

Tekellina helixicis Vanuytven, 2021: 274, f. B.299c (m)

Tekellina huihangi Lin & Li, 2024 | | China urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:059748

Tekellina huihangi Lin & Li in Lin et al., 2024a: 67, f. 57B, 58B, 59B, 60C-D (Dmf) Original description

Tekellina minor Marques & Buckup, 1993 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:008177

Tekellina minor Marques & Buckup, 1993: 128, f. 7-8 (Dm) Original description

Tekellina minor Estol et al., 2024: 163, f. 2G-I, 4A-B, 8G-I (m, Df)

Tekellina miuda Rodrigues & Estol, 2024 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:061399

Tekellina miuda Rodrigues & Estol in Estol et al., 2024: 172, f. 6D-F, 9D-F (Dmf) Original description

Tekellina miudinha Rodrigues & Estol, 2024 | | Brazil urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:061400

Tekellina miudinha Rodrigues & Estol in Estol et al., 2024: 174, f. 6G, 9G-H (Df) Original description

Tekellina picurrucha Rodrigues & Estol, 2024 | | Brazil, Argentina urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:061398

Tekellina picurrucha Rodrigues & Estol in Estol et al., 2024: 167, f. 6A-C, 9A-C (Dmf) Original description

Tekellina sadamotoi Yoshida & Ogata, 2016 | | China, Japan urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:048971

Tekellina sadamotoi Yoshida & Ogata, 2016: 15, f. 1-13 (Dmf) Original description

Tekellina sadamotoi Marusik & Omelko, 2017d: 166, f. 1f, 2a-d (mf)

Tekellina sadamotoi Xie, Liu & Peng, 2021: 142, f. 2A-D (f)

Tekellina sadamotoi Ramírez et al., 2022: 87, f. 11A-D, 12A-F (m)

Tekellina yoshidai Marusik & Omelko, 2017 | | Russia (Far East) urn:lsid:nmbe.ch:spidersp:049561

Tekellina yoshidai Marusik & Omelko, 2017d: 165, f. 1a-e,g-h, 2e-f (Df) Original description